因果

Chinese

		cause; reason; because	fruit; result
simp. and trad. (因果)		因	果

Etymology

Calque of Sanskrit हेतु (hetu, “impulse, cause”) and फल (phala, “fruit, result”) arising from translation of Buddhist texts. (Dassanayake (2021), pg. 124)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yīnguǒ

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄣㄍㄨㄛˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jan¹ gwo²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yîn-kó

(Hailu, HRS): rhin^ˋ go^ˊ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): in-kó / in-kó͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yīnguǒ
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄣㄍㄨㄛˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yinguǒ
  - Wade–Giles: yin¹-kuo³
  - Yale: yīn-gwǒ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: inguoo
  - Palladius: иньго (inʹgo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /in⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jan¹ gwo²
  - Yale: yān gwó
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan¹ gwo²
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen¹ guo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yîn-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: in^ˊ go^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yin¹ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /in²⁴ ko³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yîn-kó
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)in^ˊ go^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yin¹ go³
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)in²⁴ ko³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rhin^ˋ go^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒin⁵³ ko²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in-kó
  - Tâi-lô: in-kó
  - Phofsit Daibuun: inkoir
  - IPA (Taipei): /in⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /in⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /in⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in-kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: in-kóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: inkor
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /in³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

Noun

因果

cause and effect
(Buddhism) karma; fate

Derived terms

三世因果
因果報應 / 因果报应 (yīnguǒ bàoyìng)
因果律 (yīnguǒlǜ)
因果關係 / 因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (因果):

→ Japanese: 因果(いんが) (inga)
→ Korean: 인과(因果) (in'gwa)
→ Vietnamese: nhân quả (因果)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
因	果
いん Grade: 5	か > が Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いんが [íꜜǹgà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ĩŋɡa̠]

Adjective

因(いん)果(が) • (inga) ^{←いんぐわ (ingwa)^?}-na (adnominal 因(いん)果(が)な (inga na), adverbial 因(いん)果(が)に (inga ni))

fateful, unlucky

Noun

因(いん)果(が) • (inga) ^{←いんぐわ (ingwa)^?}

cause and effect; karma; fate

Derived terms

因(いん)果(が)応(おう)報(ほう) (inga ōhō): retributive justice; retribution
因(いん)果(が)関(かん)係(けい) (inga kankei)
因(いん)果(が)経(きょう) (ingakyō)
因(いん)果(が)経(きょう)絵(え)巻(まき) (ingakyōemaki)
因(いん)果(が)晒(ざら)し (ingazarashi)
因(いん)果(が)性(せい) (ingasei)
因(いん)果(がて)覿(き)面(めん) (ingate kimen)
因(いん)果(が)と (inga to)
因(いん)果(が)人(にん) (inganin)
因(いん)果(が)の小(お)車(ぐるま) (inga no oguruma)
因(いん)果(が)は皿(さら)の縁(ふち) (inga wa sara no fuchi)
因(いん)果(が)法(ほう)則(そく) (inga hōsoku)
因(いん)果(が)者(もの) (ingamono)
因(いん)果(が)物(もの)語(がたり) (inga monogatari)
因(いん)果(が)律(りつ) (ingaritsu)
因(いん)果(が)を含(ふく)める (inga o fukumeru)
絵(え)因(いん)果(が)経(きょう) (eingakyō)
親(おや)の因(いん)果(が)が子(こ)に報(むく)う (oya no inga ga ko ni mukū)
過(か)去(こ)現(げん)在(ざい)因(いん)果(が)経(きょう) (kakogenzaīngakyō)
過(か)去(こ)現(げん)在(ざい)因(いん)果(が)経(きょう)絵(え)巻(まき) (kakogenzaīngakyōemaki)
三(さん)世(ぜ)因(いん)果(が) (sanzeinga)
惚(ほ)れたが因(いん)果(が) (horeta ga inga)
回(めぐ)る因(いん)果(が) (meguru inga)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
因	果

Noun

因果

chữ Hán form of nhân quả (“karma, causality”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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