堊

See also: ⿱亜土, 垩, and 聖

堊	U+580A, 堊 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-580A

← 堉
[U+5809]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堋 →
[U+580B]

Translingual

Traditional	堊
Shinjitai (extended)	⿱亜土
Simplified	垩

Han character

堊 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 一一土 (MMG), four-corner 1010₄, composition ⿱亞土)

white earth
to daub with white mud

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5215
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 449, character 6
Unihan data for U+580A

Chinese

trad.		堊
simp.		垩^*

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
椏	qaːʔ, qraː
錏	*qraː
鵶	*qraː
啞	qraːʔ, qraːɡs, qraːɡ, qraːɡ
瘂	*qraːʔ
亞	*qraːɡs
婭	*qraːɡs
俹	*qraːɡs
稏	*qraːɡs
惡	qaː, qaːɡs, *qaːɡ
噁	*qaːɡs
堊	*qaːɡ
蝁	*qaːɡ

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): è (e⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ok³
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵o

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: è
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: è
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴
  - Yale: è
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ok³
  - Yale: ok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: og³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔːk̚³/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

Wu
- (Northern: Suzhou, Changzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁵o
  - MiniDict: o^去
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /o⁵²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /o⁵²³/

Middle Chinese: 'ak

Rime
Character	堊
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	烏各切
Baxter	'ak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔak̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɑk̚/
Wang Li	/ɑk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ok³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak/

(Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堊
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔak ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁak/
English	plaster (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堊
Reading #	1/1
No.	14221
Phonetic component	亞
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	惡
Old Chinese	/*qaːɡ/

Definitions

堊

chalk; white clay
to whitewash; to plaster with white clay
(Wu, Jianghuai Mandarin) to apply fertilizer
堊肥料／垩肥料 [Suzhounese] ― ⁵o ²vi-liau₆ [Wugniu] ― to apply fertilizer

Compounds

堊室 / 垩室
堊帚 / 垩帚
堊慢 / 垩慢
白堊 / 白垩 (bái'è)
白堊土 / 白垩土
白堊系 / 白垩系
白堊紀 / 白垩纪 (Bái'è Jì)
黃堊 / 黄垩
黝堊 / 黝垩

References

“堊”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	⿱亜土
Print standard	堊

Kanji

堊

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form ⿱亜土)

white earth, plaster

Readings

(Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this pronunciation?)

Go-on: あく (aku)
Kan-on: あく (aku)
Kan’yō-on: あ (a)
Kun: いろつち (irotsuchi, 堊)、しらつち (shiratsuchi, 堊)、しろつち (shirotsuchi, 堊)

Compounds

丹(たん)堊(あく) (tan'aku)
白(はく)堊(あ) (hakua, “chalk”)
白(はく)堊(あ)館(かん) (hakuakan)
白(はく)堊(あ)紀(き) (hakuaki)

Usage notes

May be substituted with 亜 with a similar on-reading of a, as in 白亜 (hakua).

Korean

Hanja

堊 • (ak) (hangeul 악, revised ak, McCune–Reischauer ak)

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Vietnamese

Han character

堊: Hán Nôm readings: ác

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.