孤兒

See also: 孤儿 and 孤児

Chinese

		lone; lonely	son; child; diminutive suffix
trad. (孤兒)		孤	兒
simp. (孤儿)		孤	儿

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gū'ér

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄦˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu¹ er²
Cantonese (Jyutping): gu¹ ji⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): gu¹ eo⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kû-yì

(Hailu, HRS): gu^ˋ rhi
Jin (Wiktionary): gu¹ er¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-jî / ko͘-lî

(Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹ ri⁵ / gu¹ ri⁵
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu¹ e²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gū'ér
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄦˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gu-ér
  - Wade–Giles: ku¹-êrh²
  - Yale: gū-ér
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guerl
  - Palladius: гуэр (guer)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gu¹ er²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gur
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ ɚ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu¹ ji⁴
  - Yale: gū yìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹ ji⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu¹ yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵ jiː²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: gu¹ eo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁴² ɵ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-yì
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˊ i^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gu¹ yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴ i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-yì
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˊ (r)i^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gu¹ yi²
  - Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴ (j)i¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˋ rhi
  - Sinological IPA: /ku⁵³ ʒi⁵⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: gu¹ er¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku¹¹ əɻ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-jî
  - Tâi-lô: koo-jî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kojii
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ zi²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zi¹³/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-lî
  - Tâi-lô: koo-lî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kolii
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ li²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² li²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gou¹ ri⁵ / gu¹ ri⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou jî / ku jî
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³⁻²³ d͡zi⁵⁵/, /ku³³⁻²³ d͡zi⁵⁵/

Note: gu1 ri5 - Chiang Mai, Hat Yai.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gu¹ e²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³ ɤ̞¹³/

Middle Chinese: ku nye

Rime
Character	孤	兒
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古胡切	汝移切
Baxter	ku	nye
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo/	/ȵiᴇ/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo/	/ȵiɛ/
Shao Rongfen	/ko/	/ȵʑjɛ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ/	/ȵiə̆/
Li Rong	/ko/	/ȵie/
Wang Li	/ku/	/ȵʑǐe/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuo/	/ȵʑie̯/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gū	ér
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu¹	ji⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa ŋe/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː ŋje/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孤	兒
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gū	ér
Middle Chinese	‹ ku ›	‹ nye ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷˁa/	/*ŋe/
English	orphan	child
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孤	兒
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	4347	2757
Phonetic component	瓜	兒
Rime group	魚	支
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	孤	兒
Old Chinese	/*kʷaː/	/*ŋje/

Noun

孤兒

orphan (a minor, both of whose parents have died)
orphan (a minor whose father has died)
孤兒寡母／孤儿寡母 ― gū'ér guǎmǔ ― fatherless child and widowed mother

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 孤兒 (“orphan”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		孤兒, 遺孤
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		孤兒, 遺孤
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	孤兒
	Taiwan	孤兒
	Chengde	孤兒
	Chifeng	孤兒
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	孤兒
	Heihe	孤兒
	Qiqihar	孤兒
	Harbin	孤兒
	Jiamusi	孤兒
	Baicheng	孤兒
	Changchun	孤兒
	Tonghua	孤兒
	Shenyang	孤兒
	Jinzhou	孤兒
	Singapore	孤兒
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	孤兒
	Tangshan	孤兒, 業障疙瘩
	Cangzhou	孤兒
	Baoding	孤兒
	Shijiazhuang	孤兒
	Lijin	孤兒
	Jinan	孤兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	孤兒
	Dandong	孤兒
	Yantai	孤兒
	Qingdao	孤兒
	Zhucheng	孤兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Lingbao	孤兒
	Jining	孤兒
	Linfen	孤兒
	Shangqiu	孤兒
	Yuanyang	孤兒
	Zhengzhou	孤兒, 沒娘孩兒
	Xinyang	孤兒
	Baihe	孤兒
	Xi'an	孤兒
	Baoji	孤兒
	Tianshui	孤兒
	Xining	孤兒, 耶提目 Islam
	Xuzhou	孤兒
	Fuyang	孤兒
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	沒達達媽媽的, 耶提目兒, 耶提目
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	孤兒, 耶梯目
	Lanzhou	孤兒
	Dunhuang	沒娘娃
	Hami	孤兒
	Ürümqi	孤兒
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	孤兒
	Nanchong	孤兒
	Dazhou	孤兒
	Hanyuan	孤兒
	Xichang	孤兒
	Zigong	孤兒
	Chongqing	孤兒
	Wuhan	孤兒
	Yichang	孤兒
	Xiangyang	孤兒
	Tianmen	孤兒
	Guiyang	孤兒, 寡崽
	Zunyi	孤兒
	Bijie	孤兒
	Liping	孤兒
	Zhaotong	孤兒
	Dali	孤兒
	Kunming	孤兒
	Mengzi	孤兒
	Guilin	孤兒
	Liuzhou	孤兒
	Jishou	孤兒
	Changde	孤兒
	Hanzhong	孤兒
	Dagudi (Maliba)	孤兒
	Reshuitang (Longling)	孤兒
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	孤兒
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	孤兒
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	孤兒
	Yangzhou	孤兒
	Lianyungang	孤兒
	Lianshui	孤兒
	Nantong	孤兒
	Anqing	孤兒
	Wuhu	孤兒
	Hefei	孤兒
	Hong'an	孤兒
Cantonese	Hong Kong	孤兒, 孤兒仔
	Hepu (Shatian)	孤兒
	Beihai	孤寒仔, 孤兒
	Beihai (Nankang)	孤兒
	Beihai (Yingpan)	孤寒仔
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	孤兒仔
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	孤兒仔
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	孤兒
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	孤兒
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	孤兒
	Móng Cái	孤兒
Gan	Nanchang	孤兒
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	孤兒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	孤兒
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	孤兒
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	孤兒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	孤兒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	孤兒
	Senai (Huiyang)	孤兒
Huizhou	Shexian	孤兒
Jin	Taiyuan	孤兒
	Yangyuan	孤兒
	Datong	孤兒
	Xinzhou	孤子
	Lüliang (Lishi)	孤兒
	Changzhi	孤兒
	Linhe	孤兒, 沒娘娃娃
	Jining	孤兒
	Hohhot	孤兒
	Erenhot	孤兒
	Pingshan	孤兒
	Zhangjiakou	孤兒
	Handan	孤兒
	Linzhou	孤兒
	Suide	孤兒, 沒娘娃娃
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	無奶囝
Southern Min	Xiamen	孤兒
	Tainan	孤兒
	Bangkok (Teochew)	孤兒
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	孤兒, 蕩兒
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	孤兒
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	孤兒
Wu	Suzhou	孤兒
Xiang	Changsha	孤兒
Xiang	Xiangxiang	孤兒

Derived terms

事實孤兒 / 事实孤儿
孤兒仔 / 孤儿仔
孤兒作品 / 孤儿作品 (gū'ér zuòpǐn)
孤兒藥 / 孤儿药 (gū'éryào)
孤兒院 / 孤儿院 (gū'éryuàn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (孤兒):

→ Japanese: 孤(こ)児(じ) (koji)
→ Korean: 고아(孤兒) (goa)
→ Vietnamese: cô nhi (孤兒)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
孤	兒
こ Grade: S	じ Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 孤兒 – see the following entry.

【孤児こじ】	[noun] an orphan
【孤児みなしご】	[noun] an orphan Alternative spellings みなし児, 身無し子

(This term, 孤兒, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
孤	兒

Noun

孤兒 • (goa) (hangeul 고아)

hanja form^? of 고아 (“orphan”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
孤	兒

Noun

孤兒

chữ Hán form of cô nhi (“orphan”)