巉岩

Chinese

		cliff	cliff; rock
trad. (巉岩/巉嵒^/巉巗^/巉巖)		巉	岩/嵒/巗/巖
simp. (巉岩)		巉	岩
anagram		岩巉

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chányán

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ ㄧㄢˊ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): châm-giâm

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chányán
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ ㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chányán
  - Wade–Giles: chʻan²-yen²
  - Yale: chán-yán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charnyan
  - Palladius: чаньянь (čanʹjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ jɛn³⁵/
  - Homophones:
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    饞言 / 馋言
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: châm-giâm
  - Tâi-lô: tsâm-giâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zamgiaam
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sam²⁴⁻²² ɡiam²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sam²⁴⁻²² ɡiam²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sam¹³⁻²² ɡiam¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiam²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sam²³⁻³³ ɡiam²³/

Middle Chinese: dzraem ngaem

Rime
Character	巉	岩
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	崇 (20)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	鋤銜切	五銜切
Baxter	dzraem	ngaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʒˠam/	/ŋˠam/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖ͡ʐᵚam/	/ŋᵚam/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʒam/	/ŋam/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖ͡ʐaɨm/	/ŋaɨm/
Li Rong	/d͡ʒam/	/ŋam/
Wang Li	/d͡ʒam/	/ŋam/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɖ͡ʐʱam/	/ŋam/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chán	yán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam⁴	ngaam⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*zraːm ŋraːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	岩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæm ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ˁr[a]m/ (< uvular?)
English	rocky, lofty
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	巉	岩
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	1233	3684
Phonetic component	毚	敢
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	巉	巖
Old Chinese	/*zraːm/	/*ŋraːm/

Noun

巉岩

(literary) precipitous rock

Adjective

巉岩

(literary) precipitous; steep
alternative form of 巉巖 / 巉岩 (chányán, “powerful and distinctive in poetic style”)

Synonyms

(precipitous):

壁立 (bìlì) (chiefly of a mountain peak, cliff, etc.)
岢峨 (kě'é, “high and steep”) (literary, of a mountain)
岢峻 (kějùn, “high and steep”) (literary, of a mountain)
峭 (qiào) (in compounds)
峻峭 (jùnqiào, “high and steep”) (of a mountain)
崒 (zú) (literary)
崎 (qí) (literary or Southern Min)
嶔崟 / 嵚崟 (qīnyín, “dangerously steep”) (literary)
嶜崟 (“dangerously steep”)
巀嶭 (“high, lofty and steep”) (of mountains)
巉峻 (chánjùn) (literary)
巉巉 (chánchán) (literary)
筆陡 / 笔陡 (bǐdǒu)
陡 (dǒu)
陡峭 (dǒuqiào)
陡直 (dǒuzhí)
險峻 / 险峻 (xiǎnjùn, “dangerously steep”)
高峻 (gāojùn, “high and steep”) (of a mountain)