播種
See also: 播种
Chinese
sow; scatter; spread sow; scatter; spread; broadcast |
to plant; to cultivate; kind to plant; to cultivate; kind; type; race; breed; seed; species (taxonomy) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (播種) | 播 | 種 | |
| simp. (播种) | 播 | 种 | |
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
- Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhǒng
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bojhǒng
- Wade–Giles: po1-chung3
- Yale: bwō-jǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojoong
- Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 嶓冢
播種 / 播种
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhǒng
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhǒng
- Wade–Giles: po4-chung3
- Yale: bwò-jǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjoong
- Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: bo3 zung2
- Yale: bo júng
- Cantonese Pinyin: bo3 dzung2
- Guangdong Romanization: bo3 zung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chéng
- Tâi-lô: pòo-tsíng
- Phofsit Daibuun: porzeang
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
- IPA (Xiamen): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
Verb
播⫽種 (verb-object)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 播種 (“to sow seeds”) [map]
Derived terms
- 播種機 / 播种机
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhòng
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bojhòng
- Wade–Giles: po1-chung4
- Yale: bwō-jùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojonq
- Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhòng
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhòng
- Wade–Giles: po4-chung4
- Yale: bwò-jùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjonq
- Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: bo3 zung3
- Yale: bo jung
- Cantonese Pinyin: bo3 dzung3
- Guangdong Romanization: bo3 zung3
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pô-chung
- Hakka Romanization System: boˊ zung
- Hagfa Pinyim: bo1 zung4
- Sinological IPA: /po²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chèng
- Tâi-lô: pòo-tsìng
- Phofsit Daibuun: porzexng
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bua3 zêng3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puà tsèng
- Sinological IPA (key): /pua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡seŋ²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
Verb
播種
- (transitive) to grow by sowing seeds
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 播 | 種 |
| は Jinmeiyō |
しゅ Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | goon |
Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 播種 / 播种. Ultimately from Middle Chinese compound 播種 / 播种 (paH tsyowngX, literally “to sow + seed”) or 播種 / 播种 (paH tsyowngH, literally “to sow + to sow”). First cited in Japanese to 1872.[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
播種 • (hashu)
- [from 1872] sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
- Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
- [date unknown] (rare, medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
- Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)
- Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)
Derived terms
- 播種機 (hashuki) a sower, a device or machine for sowing seeds
- 播種性 (hashusei) disseminated (said of a disease)
Verb
播種する • (hashu suru) suru (stem 播種し (hashu shi), past 播種した (hashu shita))
- [from 1872] (transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
- Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
- [date unknown] (rare, intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
- Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)
- Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 播種すれ | はしゅすれ | hashu sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 播種せよ¹ 播種しろ² |
はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ² |
hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 播種される | はしゅされる | hashu sareru | |
| Causative | 播種させる 播種さす |
はしゅさせる はしゅさす |
hashu saseru hashu sasu | |
| Potential | 播種できる | はしゅできる | hashu dekiru | |
| Volitional | 播種しよう | はしゅしよう | hashu shiyō | |
| Negative | 播種しない | はしゅしない | hashu shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 播種せず | はしゅせず | hashu sezu | |
| Formal | 播種します | はしゅします | hashu shimasu | |
| Perfective | 播種した | はしゅした | hashu shita | |
| Conjunctive | 播種して | はしゅして | hashu shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 播種すれば | はしゅすれば | hashu sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 播 | 種 |
| はん Jinmeiyō |
しゅ Grade: 4 |
| kan'yōon | goon |
Variation of hashu reading, using the kan'yōon of han for the first character. First cited to 1879.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [hã̠ɰ̃ɕɨ]
Noun
播種 • (hanshu)
- [from 1879] (rare) sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
- Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
- [date unknown] (medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
- Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)
Verb
播種する • (hanshu suru) suru (stem 播種し (hanshu shi), past 播種した (hanshu shita))
- [from 1879] (rare, transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
- Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
- [date unknown] (intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
- Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)
Usage notes
- Although some dictionaries[1][5][6] list this separate reading with a distinct sense, other dictionaries[2][7][3][4] do not list any hanshu reading, and if they include the medical dissemination sense, they do so under the hanshu reading.[1]
- The Microsoft IME for Japanese only recognizes the hashu reading for this kanji compound.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 播種し | はしゅし | hashu shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 播種する | はしゅする | hashu suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 播種すれ | はしゅすれ | hashu sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 播種せよ¹ 播種しろ² |
はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ² |
hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 播種される | はしゅされる | hashu sareru | |
| Causative | 播種させる 播種さす |
はしゅさせる はしゅさす |
hashu saseru hashu sasu | |
| Potential | 播種できる | はしゅできる | hashu dekiru | |
| Volitional | 播種しよう | はしゅしよう | hashu shiyō | |
| Negative | 播種しない | はしゅしない | hashu shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 播種せず | はしゅせず | hashu sezu | |
| Formal | 播種します | はしゅします | hashu shimasu | |
| Perfective | 播種した | はしゅした | hashu shita | |
| Conjunctive | 播種して | はしゅして | hashu shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 播種すれば | はしゅすれば | hashu sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Further reading
- Disseminated disease on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ “DIC”, in goo辞書[2] (in Japanese) (dictionary), Goo, 23 December 2014 (last accessed), archived from the original on 24 October 2021
- ^ “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months