渤海

Chinese

		Bohai Sea	ocean; sea
simp. and trad. (渤海)		渤	海
alternative forms		勃海

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Description of the origins of the term”)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Bó Hǎi

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): but⁶ hoi²
Wu (Suzhou, Wugniu): ⁸beq-he₃

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
  - Wade–Giles: Po² Hai³
  - Yale: Bwó Hǎi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bor Hae
  - Palladius: Бо Хай (Bo Xaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: but⁶ hoi²
  - Yale: buht hói
  - Cantonese Pinyin: but⁹ hoi²
  - Guangdong Romanization: bud⁶ hoi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁸beq-he₃
  - MiniDict: beh^入 he^上
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /bəʔ²² he⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: bwot xojX

Rime
Character	渤	海
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	蒲没切	呼改切
Baxter	bwot	xojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/buət̚/	/hʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/buot̚/	/həi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/buət̚/	/xɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bwət̚/	/həj^X/
Li Rong	/buət̚/	/xᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/buət̚/	/xɒi^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱuət̚/	/xɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bó	hǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	but⁶	hoi²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*bɯːd hmlɯːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	海
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ xoj^X ›
Old Chinese	/m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect m̥ˁ- > x-)
English	sea
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	渤	海
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	986	9283
Phonetic component	孛	母
Rime group	物	之
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	勃	海
Old Chinese	/*bɯːd/	/*hmlɯːʔ/

Proper noun

渤海

Bohai Sea
(～郡) (historical) Bohai Commandery
(～國) (historical) Balhae (multi-ethnic kingdom in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula)

Synonyms

(Bohai Sea):
- 北海 (Běihǎi)
- 渤澥

Derived terms

渤海海峽 / 渤海海峡 (Bóhǎi Hǎixiá)
渤海灣 / 渤海湾 (Bóhǎiwān)
環渤海 / 环渤海 (huánbóhǎi)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (渤海):

→ Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
→ Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
→ Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
渤	海
ぼつ > ぼっ Hyōgai	かい Grade: 2
kan'yōon	on'yomi

Alternative spellings
(kyūjitai) 勃海

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [bo̞k̚ka̠i]

Proper noun

渤(ぼっ)海(かい) • (Bokkai)

a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae
the Bohai Sea

Korean

Hanja in this term
渤	海

Proper noun

渤海 • (Balhae) (hangeul 발해)

hanja form^? of 발해 (“Balhae”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
渤	海

Proper noun

渤海

chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“the Bohai Sea”)
chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae”)