空想

Chinese

		emptied; leisure; air emptied; leisure; air; sky; empty; in vain	to think; to believe; to suppose to think; to believe; to suppose; to wish; to want; to miss
trad. (空想)		空	想
simp. ^#(空想)		空	想

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kōngxiǎng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥㄒㄧㄤˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hung¹ soeng²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khong-sióng / khong-siáng / khang-siūⁿ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kōngxiǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥㄒㄧㄤˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kongsiǎng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻung¹-hsiang³
  - Yale: kūng-syǎng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongsheang
  - Palladius: кунсян (kunsjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung¹ soeng²
  - Yale: hūng séung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ soeng²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ sêng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khong-sióng
  - Tâi-lô: khong-sióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qongsiorng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ³³ siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khong-siáng
  - Tâi-lô: khong-siáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qongsiarng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siaŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khang-siūⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: khang-siūnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qangsviu
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

Middle Chinese: khuwng sjangX

Rime
Character	空	想
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	苦紅切	息兩切
Baxter	khuwng	sjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuŋ/	/sɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuŋ/	/siɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuŋ/	/siɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwŋ/	/sɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/kʰuŋ/	/siaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/kʰuŋ/	/sĭaŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuŋ/	/si̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kōng	xiǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung¹	soeng²

Noun

空想

fantasy; dream

Synonyms

幻想 (huànxiǎng)
(literary) 冥思 (míngsī)

Verb

空想

to fantasize; to daydream

Synonyms

幻想 (huànxiǎng)
夢想／梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
做夢／做梦 (zuòmèng)

Adjective

空想

(attributive) utopian

Derived terms

空想社會主義 / 空想社会主义 (kōngxiǎng shèhuì zhǔyì)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (空想):

→ Japanese: 空想(くうそう) (kūsō)
→ Korean: 공상(空想) (gongsang)
→ Vietnamese: không tưởng (空想)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
空	想
くう Grade: 1	そう Grade: 3
goon

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 空想 (khuwng sjang^X, literally “fictional, fabricated + think, thought”).

The sense of fantasy is first cited in Japanese to 1886,^[1] and probably reflects a Rangaku and Meiji era style of repurposing older terminology to translate unfamiliar Western concepts.

The Buddhist sense is older, and was borrowed into Japanese along with various Chinese Buddhist texts. This term is included in the (Maka Shikan), better known in English by its Chinese pronunciation, the Mohe Zhiguan, completed some time in the early 600s.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くうそー [kùúsóó] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ːso̞ː]

Noun

空(くう)想(そう) • (kūsō) ^{←くうさう (kuusau)^?}

[from 1886] fantasy, daydream; something imagined
[from 600s] (Buddhism) thought that exhibits attachment to sunyata

Derived terms

空想家(くうそうか) (kūsōka)
空想力(くうそうりょく) (kūsōryoku)

Verb

空(くう)想(そう)する • (kūsō suru) ^{←くうさう (kuusau)^?}suru (stem 空(くう)想(そう)し (kūsō shi), past 空(くう)想(そう)した (kūsō shita))

[from 1886] to fantasize
[from 600s] (Buddhism) to think in a way that exhibits attachment to sunyata

Conjugation

Conjugation of "空想する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	空想し	くうそうし	kūsō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	空想し	くうそうし	kūsō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	空想する	くうそうする	kūsō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	空想する	くうそうする	kūsō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	空想すれ	くうそうすれ	kūsō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	空想せよ¹ 空想しろ²	くうそうせよ¹ くうそうしろ²	kūsō seyo¹ kūsō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	空想される	くうそうされる	kūsō sareru
Causative	空想させる空想さす	くうそうさせるくうそうさす	kūsō saseru kūsō sasu
Potential	空想できる	くうそうできる	kūsō dekiru
Volitional	空想しよう	くうそうしよう	kūsō shiyō
Negative	空想しない	くうそうしない	kūsō shinai
Negative continuative	空想せず	くうそうせず	kūsō sezu
Formal	空想します	くうそうします	kūsō shimasu
Perfective	空想した	くうそうした	kūsō shita
Conjunctive	空想して	くうそうして	kūsō shite
Hypothetical conditional	空想すれば	くうそうすれば	kūsō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 “空想”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
空	想

Noun

空想 • (gongsang) (hangeul 공상)

hanja form^? of 공상

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
空	想

Adjective

空想

chữ Hán form of không tưởng (“unrealistic; utopian”)

[KDJ2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 “空想”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]