𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶

From Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to attain”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatrá, “might, power”), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra, “kingdom”), Bactrian ϸαο (šao), Khotanese kṣāra- (“power, dominion”), Old Armenian աշխարհ (ašxarh), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”).^[1]

𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/) n

1. realm, province
2. kingship, sovereignty, kingdom

• 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 (Artaxšaçā, “Artaxerxes”)
• 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠 (xšaçapāvā, “satrap”)

• Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭫𐭩 (štly /⁠šahr⁠/)
  • Classical Persian: شَهْر (šahr), شار (šâr)
    • Dari: شَهْر (šahr)
    • Iranian Persian: شَهْر (šahr)
    • Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
    • → Azerbaijani: şəhər
    • → Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
    • → Bengali: শহর (śohor)
    • → Crimean Tatar: şeer
    • → Dhivehi: ޝަހަރު (šaharu), ސަހަރު (saharu)
    • → Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
    • → Gurani: شار (şar)
    • → Hindustani:

      Hindi: शहर (śahar)

      Urdu: شَہْر (śahr)

    • → Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
    • → Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
    • → Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
    • → Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
    • → Marathi: शहर (śahar)
    • → Nepali: सहर (sahar)
    • → Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Odia: ସହର (sahara)
    • → Punjabi:

      Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir)

      Shahmukhi script: شہر (śahir)

    • → Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
    • → Uzbek: shahar