Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Origin obscure. Possibly a conflated word, partly from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”);^[1] and partly from *þiudijaz, *þiudiz (“good, friendly”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew- (“to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθiu̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þiudijaną

(transitive, +instrumental) to associate (with); engage with; attach to; join (with); connect
to interpret; point out; explain

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þiudijō	*þiudijaų	—	*þiudijai	?
2nd singular	*þiudīsi	*þiudijais	*þiudī	*þiudijasai	*þiudijaisau
3rd singular	*þiudīþi	*þiudijai	*þiudijaþau	*þiudijaþai	*þiudijaiþau
1st dual	*þiudijōs	*þiudijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þiudijaþiz	*þiudijaiþiz	*þiudijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*þiudijamaz	*þiudijaim	—	*þiudijanþai	*þiudijainþau
2nd plural	*þiudīþ	*þiudijaiþ	*þiudīþ	*þiudijanþai	*þiudijainþau
3rd plural	*þiudijanþi	*þiudijain	*þiudijanþau	*þiudijanþai	*þiudijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þiudidǭ	*þiudidēdį̄
2nd singular	*þiudidēz	*þiudidēdīz
3rd singular	*þiudidē	*þiudidēdī
1st dual	*þiudidēdū	*þiudidēdīw
2nd dual	*þiudidēdudiz	*þiudidēdīdiz
1st plural	*þiudidēdum	*þiudidēdīm
2nd plural	*þiudidēdud	*þiudidēdīd
3rd plural	*þiudidēdun	*þiudidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*þiudijandz	*þiudidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudijan
- Old English: þīedan, þēodan
  - Middle English: theden
- Old Frisian: *thiōda, thiūda
  - Saterland Frisian: tjuude
  - West Frisian: tsjutte
- Old Saxon: *thiudian
  - Middle Low German: dûden, düden
    - German Low German: düden
- Old Dutch: *thiuden
  - Middle Dutch: dieden, duden
    - Dutch: duiden
      - Afrikaans: dui
    - Limburgish: duuje
- Old High German: diuten, *tiuten
  - Middle High German: diuten, tiuten
    - Bavarian: deitn
    - German: deuten
    - Luxembourgish: deiten
    - Yiddish: טײַטשן (taytshn)
Old Norse: þýða
- Icelandic: þýða
- Faroese: týða
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tyda, ty
- Elfdalian: tyða
- Old Swedish: þȳþa
  - Swedish: tyda
- Old Danish: thȳthæ
  - Danish: tyde, ty
    - Norwegian Bokmål: tyde, ty
- Gutnish: tyde
- Scanian: týða

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þeudō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 540: “*þeudjan-”

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þeudō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 540: “*þeudjan-”

[1]