Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-yós (agent suffix).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jɑz/

Suffix

*-jaz m

  1. -er, agent suffix

Inflection

Declension of *-jaz (masculine ja-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-jaz *-jōz, *-jōs
vocative *-i *-jōz, *-jōs
accusative *-ją *-janz
genitive *-jas, *-is *-jǫ̂
dative *-jai *-jamaz
instrumental *-jō *-jamiz

Usage notes

  • Following a short stem, which consists of a short vowel followed by a single consonant, the suffix remains *-jaz, but following a long stem, which has either a long vowel or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by several consonants it becomes *-ijaz. This phenomenon is called Sievers's law.

Descendants

  • Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)

Alternate forms

  • *-az (when not being attached to class 1 weak verbs)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-yós. Cognate with Latin -ius, Ancient Greek -ιος (-ios), Sanskrit -य (-ya).

Suffix

*-jaz

  1. Nominal suffix denoting origin or descent.

Inflection

Declension of *-jaz (masculine ja-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-jaz *-jōz, *-jōs
vocative *-i *-jōz, *-jōs
accusative *-ją *-janz
genitive *-jas, *-is *-jǫ̂
dative *-jai *-jamaz
instrumental *-jō *-jamiz

Descendants

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

*-jaz

  1. -ed, forms adjectives from nouns
    ‎*ainaz (“one”) + ‎*handuz (“hand”) + ‎*-jaz → ‎*ainahandijaz (“one-handed”)

Inflection

Declension of *-jaz (ja-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-jaz *-jō *-ją, -atō *-jai *-jôz *-jō
accusative *-janǭ *-jǭ *-ją, -atō *-janz *-jōz *-jō
genitive *-jas, -is *-jaizōz *-jas, -is *-jaizǫ̂ *-jaizǫ̂ *-jaizǫ̂
dative *-jammai *-jaizōi *-jammai *-jaimaz *-jaimaz *-jaimaz
instrumental *-janō *-jaizō *-janō *-jaimiz *-jaimiz *-jaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-jô *-jǭ *-jô *-janiz *-jōniz *-jōnō
accusative *-janų *-jōnų *-jô *-janunz *-jōnunz *-jōnō
genitive *-iniz *-jōniz *-iniz *-janǫ̂ *-jōnǫ̂ *-janǫ̂
dative *-ini *-jōni *-ini *-jammaz *-jōmaz *-jammaz
instrumental *-inē *-jōnē *-inē *-jammiz *-jōmiz *-jammiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *-ī
  • Proto-Norse: -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)
    • Old Norse: -r (with i-umlaut of preceding root)
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