Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Italic *-os, Sanskrit -ः (-ḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

Suffix

*-az n

  1. suffix of nouns

Inflection

Declension of *-az (z-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-az *-izō
vocative *-az *-izō
accusative *-az *-izō
genitive *-iziz *-izǫ̂
dative *-izi *-izumaz
instrumental *-izē *-izumiz

Derived terms

See z-stem nouns.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix).

Suffix

*-az m

  1. -er, agent suffix
    Synonyms: *-ārijaz, *-ilaz, *-jô, *-ndz, *-ô

Inflection

Declension of *-az (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-az *-ōz, *-ōs
vocative *- *-ōz, *-ōs
accusative *-ą *-anz
genitive *-as, *-is *-ǫ̂
dative *-ai *-amaz
instrumental *-ō *-amiz

Descendants

  • Proto-Norse: -ᚨᛉ (-aʀ)
    • Old Norse: -r
    • Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ, after class 1 verbs)

Alternate forms

  • *-jaz (after class 1 verbs)

Etymology 3

Primarily inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os (noun ending), but eventually merging with the reflex of *-ós (forms which triggered Verner's law) by late pre-Germanic.

Suffix

*-az m

  1. Suffix for a-stem nouns.

Inflection

Declension of *-az (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *-az *-ōz, *-ōs
vocative *- *-ōz, *-ōs
accusative *-ą *-anz
genitive *-as, *-is *-ǫ̂
dative *-ai *-amaz
instrumental *-ō *-amiz

Derived terms

See a-stem nouns.

Coordinate terms

Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *(e)-ós (deverbal adjective/nominal suffix). In Germanic, this suffix greatly increased in productivity, unlike in other Indo-European branches, where it died off early (leaving only relics).

Suffix

*(e)-az

  1. Forms e-grade adjectives from verbs.
    ‎*hwerbaną (“to turn”) + ‎*-az → ‎*hwerbaz (“turning”)
Inflection
Declension of *-az (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-az *-ō *-ą, *-at(ō) *-ai *-ôz *-ō
accusative *-anǭ *-ǭ *-ą, *-at(ō) *-anz *-ōz *-ō
genitive *-as, *-is *-aizōz *-as, *-is *-aizǫ̂ *-aizǫ̂ *-aizǫ̂
dative *-ammai *-aizōi *-ammai *-aimaz *-aimaz *-aimaz
instrumental *-anō *-aizō *-anō *-aimiz *-aimiz *-aimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ô *-ǭ *-ô *-aniz *-ōniz *-ōnō
accusative *-anų *-ōnų *-ô *-anunz *-ōnunz *-ōnō
genitive *-iniz *-ōniz *-iniz *-anǫ̂ *-ōnǫ̂ *-anǫ̂
dative *-ini *-ōni *-ini *-ammaz *-ōmaz *-ammaz
instrumental *-inē *-ōnē *-inē *-ammiz *-ōmiz *-ammiz
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-az (e-grade)
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/blindaz
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreugaz
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwerbaz
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubaz
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skeutaz
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