Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology 1
Suffix
*-ós
Usage notes
- The root vowel is usually identical to that of the base noun, but sometimes the root vowel is zero-graded.
- The suffix vowel on the other hand is usually deleted when the possessive suffix is attached.
- Very commonly stacked on top of neuter *-es- stem nouns.
- Examples of non-*-es-stem possessive thematic adjectives across Indo-European include:
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-ós | *-éh₂ | |
| genitive | *-ósyo | *-éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-ós | *-óh₁ | *-óes |
| vocative | *-é | *-óh₁ | *-óes |
| accusative | *-óm | *-óh₁ | *-óms |
| genitive | *-ósyo | *? | *-óHom |
| ablative | *-éad | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| dative | *-óey | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| locative | *-éy, *-óy | *? | *-óysu |
| instrumental | *-óh₁ | *? | *-ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-éh₂ | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-éh₂es |
| vocative | *-éh₂ | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-éh₂es |
| accusative | *-ā́m | *-éh₂h₁(e) | *-éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-éh₂s | *? | *-éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-éh₂s | *? | *-éh₂mos, *-éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *-éh₂ey | *? | *-éh₂mos, *-éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *-éh₂, *-éh₂i | *? | *-éh₂su |
| instrumental | *-éh₂h₁ | *? | *-éh₂mis, *-éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-óm | *-óy(h₁) | *-éh₂ |
| vocative | *-óm | *-óy(h₁) | *-éh₂ |
| accusative | *-óm | *-óy(h₁) | *-éh₂ |
| genitive | *-ósyo | *? | *-óHom |
| ablative | *-éad | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| dative | *-óey | *? | *-ómos, *-óbʰos |
| locative | *-éy, *-óy | *? | *-óysu |
| instrumental | *-óh₁ | *? | *-ṓys |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-ós (possessive)
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic: *-ós
- Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)
Etymology 2
From *(ó)-os (action noun suffix) formations further suffixed with possessive *-ós (see Etymology 1).
Suffix
*(o)-ós m
- Creates adjectives from verb stems; they may have agentive or patientive meaning.
- Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.
- Creates patient nouns from verb stems, denoting something affected by the verb's action.
Inflection
As an adjectival suffix:
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-éh₂ | |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *(o)-éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| vocative | *(o)-é | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óms |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(o)-éh₂ | *(o)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(o)-éh₂es |
| vocative | *(o)-éh₂ | *(o)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(o)-éh₂es |
| accusative | *(o)-ā́m | *(o)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(o)-éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(o)-éh₂s | *? | *(o)-éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éh₂s | *? | *(o)-éh₂mos, *(o)-éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *(o)-éh₂ey | *? | *(o)-éh₂mos, *(o)-éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éh₂, *(o)-éh₂i | *? | *(o)-éh₂su |
| instrumental | *(o)-éh₂h₁ | *? | *(o)-éh₂mis, *(o)-éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óy(h₁) | *(o)-éh₂ |
| vocative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óy(h₁) | *(o)-éh₂ |
| accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óy(h₁) | *(o)-éh₂ |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
As a noun-forming suffix:
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(o)-ós | ||
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| vocative | *(o)-é | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
| accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óms |
| genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
| ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
Reconstruction notes
- See Nussbaum (2017)[1] for a detailed account.
- Agentive nominals of this type are often compared to Ancient Greek τομός (tomós, “cutting”) in the literature. Patientive nominals of this type, on the other hand, include Ancient Greek φορός (phorós).
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-ós (o-grade)
Related terms
Descendants
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-y-os (agent noun suffix)
- Proto-Germanic: *-az; some of the a-stem nouns
- Proto-Hellenic: *-ós
- Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ás
- Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: -अ (-á, agent/adjective suffix)
- Indo-Aryan:
Etymology 3
Closely resembles, but is not identical to, the root o-grade counterpart *(o)-ós. Both formations can be found side-by-side for several roots. Nussbaum posits that both of these adjective formations are derivatives of *(ó)-os formations.[2]
Villanueva Svenson, who proposes that e-grade thematic verbs originated as conversions of λευκός (leukós) adjectives to verbs, wonders if these e-grade adjectives were originally barytone, but later became oxytone under the influence of *(o)-ós.[3]
Suffix
*(e)-ós
Usage notes
These adjectives are known as λευκός (leukós) adjectives in the literature. They lost productivity in every branch other than Germanic, but most Indo-European branches do have relics of this formation.
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *(e)-ós | *(e)-éh₂ | |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *(e)-éh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(e)-ós | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| vocative | *(e)-é | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| accusative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óms |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éad | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(e)-óey | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éy, *(e)-óy | *? | *(e)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(e)-óh₁ | *? | *(e)-ṓys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(e)-éh₂ | *(e)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(e)-éh₂es |
| vocative | *(e)-éh₂ | *(e)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(e)-éh₂es |
| accusative | *(e)-ā́m | *(e)-éh₂h₁(e) | *(e)-éh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *(e)-éh₂s | *? | *(e)-éh₂oHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éh₂s | *? | *(e)-éh₂mos, *(e)-éh₂bʰos |
| dative | *(e)-éh₂ey | *? | *(e)-éh₂mos, *(e)-éh₂bʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éh₂, *(e)-éh₂i | *? | *(e)-éh₂su |
| instrumental | *(e)-éh₂h₁ | *? | *(e)-éh₂mis, *(e)-éh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óy(h₁) | *(e)-éh₂ |
| vocative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óy(h₁) | *(e)-éh₂ |
| accusative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óy(h₁) | *(e)-éh₂ |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éad | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(e)-óey | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éy, *(e)-óy | *? | *(e)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(e)-óh₁ | *? | *(e)-ṓys |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-ós (e-grade)
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *-az (deverbal adjective suffix)
Etymology 4
Suffix
*(e)-ós
- Forms adjectives or nominals of appurtenance to bases.
Usage notes
These nominals are known as vṛddhi in Indo-Europeanist literature. The *e that the base incorporates in such formations is not necessarily the e-grade of the root; the *e is instead located after the first consonant of the root, no matter the root shape.
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(e)-ós | ||
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(e)-ós | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| vocative | *(e)-é | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óes |
| accusative | *(e)-óm | *(e)-óh₁ | *(e)-óms |
| genitive | *(e)-ósyo | *? | *(e)-óHom |
| ablative | *(e)-éad | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| dative | *(e)-óey | *? | *(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos |
| locative | *(e)-éy, *(e)-óy | *? | *(e)-óysu |
| instrumental | *(e)-óh₁ | *? | *(e)-ṓys |
Derived terms
See Category:Proto-Indo-European vrddhi derivatives for derived terms.
References
- ^ Nussbaum, Alan (2017) “Agentive and Other Derivatives of “τόμος-Type” Nouns”, in Claire Le Feure, Daniel Petit and Georges-Jean Pinault, editors, Adjectifs verbaux et participes dans les langues indoeuropéennes. Proceedings of the Arbeitstagung of the Indo-European Society, Paris, 24–26 September 2014, Bremen: Hempen, pages 232–266
- ^ Nussbaum, Alan (2017) “Agentive and Other Derivatives of “τόμος-Type” Nouns”, in Claire Le Feuvre, Daniel Petit and Georges-Jean Pinault, editors, Verbal Adjectives and Participles in Indo-European Languages. Proceedings of the Arbeitstagung of the Indo-European Society, Paris, 24–26 September 2014, Bremen: Hempen, page 252
- ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2021) “The origin of the Indo-European simple thematic presents: The nominal connection”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, , →ISSN, pages 264–292