Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwerbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

    Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷerp-, in which case the original form would have been *hwerfaną. If so, then it might be related to Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”),[1] though deriving the latter from a root with initial labiovelar presents difficulties.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈxʷer.βɑ.nɑ̃/

    Verb

    *hwerbaną[1][2]

    1. to turn; turn around
    2. to move; move about
    3. to change

    Inflection

    Conjugation of (strong class 3)
    active voice passive voice
    present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
    1st singular *hwerbō *hwerbaų — *hwerbai ?
    2nd singular *hwirbizi *hwerbaiz *hwerb *hwerbazai *hwerbaizau
    3rd singular *hwirbidi *hwerbai *hwerbadau *hwerbadai *hwerbaidau
    1st dual *hwerbōz *hwerbaiw — — —
    2nd dual *hwerbadiz *hwerbaidiz *hwerbadiz — —
    1st plural *hwerbamaz *hwerbaim — *hwerbandai *hwerbaindau
    2nd plural *hwirbid *hwerbaid *hwirbid *hwerbandai *hwerbaindau
    3rd plural *hwerbandi *hwerbain *hwerbandau *hwerbandai *hwerbaindau
    past tense indicative subjunctive
    1st singular *hwarb *hurbį̄
    2nd singular *hwarft *hurbīz
    3rd singular *hwarb *hurbī
    1st dual *hurbū *hurbīw
    2nd dual *hurbudiz *hurbīdiz
    1st plural *hurbum *hurbīm
    2nd plural *hurbud *hurbīd
    3rd plural *hurbun *hurbīn
    present past
    participles *hwerbandz *hurbanaz

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwerban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 265-266
    2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwerbanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 200
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