Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱís, compound of *ḱe +‎ *ís.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /xiz/

Determiner

*hiz

this

Inflection

Declension of *hiz (irregular)
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	*hiz	*hijō?	*hit	*hīz	*hijōz	*hijō
accusative	*hinǭ	*hijǭ	*hit	*hinz	*hijōz	*hijō
genitive	*hes	*hezōz	*hes	*hezǫ̂	*hezǫ̂	*hezǫ̂
dative	*himmai	*hezōi	*himmai	*himaz	*himaz	*himaz
instrumental	*hinō	*hezō	*hinō	*himiz	*himiz	*himiz

Derived terms

*hidrê
*hinō dagō
- Proto-West Germanic: *hiu dagu (see there for further descendants)
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 (himma daga)

Related terms

*hē₂r

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hiʀ
- Old English: hē
  - Middle English: he, hee, ȝe, e, hey, hi, hie, hye, heo, ho, hæ, ha, a
    - English: he
    - Scots: he
    - Yola: hea, he, hey, hay
- Old Frisian: hī
  - North Frisian:
    Most dialects: hi, he
    Halligen: hii
  - Saterland Frisian: hie
  - West Frisian: hy
- Old Saxon: hē, hī
  - Middle Low German: hê, hî
    - Low German: he
      - German Low German: he
- Old Dutch: hie
  - Middle Dutch: hi
    - Dutch: hij, ie
    - Limburgish: hae
- Old High German: her (northern dialects)
  - Middle High German: her, *he
    - Central Franconian: hä
    - Luxembourgish: hien (from the accusative)
    - Vilamovian: hār
Proto-Norse: ᚺᛁᚾᛟ (hino) (masculine accusative singular)
Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐍃 (*his)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225