Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European root *glew- (“to claw, scratch”), with no certain cognates outside of Germanic.^[1] Some take the root to be from a base *gel- (“to make round, clench”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈklɑ.wjɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*klawjaną^[1]^[2]

to claw or scratch

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 6 j-present)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*klawjō	*klawjaų	—	*klawjai	?
2nd singular	*klawisi	*klawjais	*klawi	*klawjasai	*klawjaisau
3rd singular	*klawiþi	*klawjai	*klawjaþau	*klawjaþai	*klawjaiþau
1st dual	*klawjōs	*klawjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*klawjaþiz	*klawjaiþiz	*klawjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*klawjamaz	*klawjaim	—	*klawjanþai	*klawjainþau
2nd plural	*klawiþ	*klawjaiþ	*klawiþ	*klawjanþai	*klawjainþau
3rd plural	*klawjanþi	*klawjain	*klawjanþau	*klawjanþai	*klawjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*klōw	*klōwį̄
2nd singular	*klōwt	*klōwīz
3rd singular	*klōw	*klōwī
1st dual	*klōwū	*klōwīw
2nd dual	*klōwudiz	*klōwīdiz
1st plural	*klōwum	*klōwīm
2nd plural	*klōwud	*klōwīd
3rd plural	*klōwun	*klōwīn

	present	past
participles	*klawjandz	*klawanaz

Derived terms

*klawō

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *klauwjan
- Old English: clawan; clāwan, *clīeġan (strong class 7)
  - Middle English: clawen, cleen
    - English: claw
    - Scots: claw
- Old Saxon: *klawian, *klōian
  - Middle Low German: klâwen, klowen, klouwen, klöuwen, kleien, kleyen, klayen, klegen, kleigen
    - German Low German: klauen
- Old Dutch: *clōien, *clouen
  - Middle Dutch: clôyen, clooien, clouwen
    - Dutch: klooien, klauwen (remodelled after the noun, or from West Germanic *klawēn)
- Old High German: klawjan
  - Middle High German: kleuen, klæwen
    - German: kläuen (dialectal or obsolete), klauen (remodelled after the noun, or from West Germanic *klawēn)
Old Norse: klá, kleyja
- Icelandic: klá
- Faroese: kláa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: klå
- Norwegian Bokmål: klø (< kleyja)
- Old Swedish: klā
  - Swedish: klå
→ Proto-Finnic: *kalvadak (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klawō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 292: “*klaujan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*klawjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klawō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 292: “*klaujan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*klawjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215

[1]

[2]