Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knīpaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵneybʰ- (“to pinch”). The root final -p was adopted from or influenced by the iterative *knippōną (“to pinch, cut, snap”); see there for more.^[1]

Likely related to *hnīpaną (“to pinch, squeeze”), but it's unclear how the variation of the initial consonant arose.

Verb

*knīpaną^[1]^[2]

to pinch

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*knīpō	*knīpaų	—	*knīpai	?
2nd singular	*knīpizi	*knīpaiz	*knīp	*knīpazai	*knīpaizau
3rd singular	*knīpidi	*knīpai	*knīpadau	*knīpadai	*knīpaidau
1st dual	*knīpōz	*knīpaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*knīpadiz	*knīpaidiz	*knīpadiz	—	—
1st plural	*knīpamaz	*knīpaim	—	*knīpandai	*knīpaindau
2nd plural	*knīpid	*knīpaid	*knīpid	*knīpandai	*knīpaindau
3rd plural	*knīpandi	*knīpain	*knīpandau	*knīpandai	*knīpaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*knaip	*knipį̄
2nd singular	*knaift	*knipīz
3rd singular	*knaip	*knipī
1st dual	*knipū	*knipīw
2nd dual	*knipudiz	*knipīdiz
1st plural	*knipum	*knipīm
2nd plural	*knipud	*knipīd
3rd plural	*knipun	*knipīn

	present	past
participles	*knīpandz	*knipanaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *knīpan
- Old Frisian: *knīpa
  - Saterland Frisian: kniepe
  - West Frisian: knipe
    - ⇒ West Frisian: knypje
- Old Saxon: *knīpan
  - Middle Low German: knîpen
    - German Low German: kniepen
      - → German: kniepen
    - → Middle High German: *knīpen (attested in knīpzange)
      - German: kneipen
        ⇒ German: kneifen
      - Yiddish: קנײַפּן (knaypn)
    - → Swedish: knipa
- Old Dutch: *cnīpan
  - Middle Dutch: knîpen
    - Dutch: knijpen
      - Afrikaans: knyp
    - Limburgish: kniepe
    - →? Central Franconian: kniepe, kneipe
      - Luxembourgish: knäipen
    - →? Middle English: *knipen, *knippen, nippen
      - English: nip, knipe (dialectal)
      - Scots: knipe, knip, nipe, nip

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knīpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 297
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*knīpanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knīpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 297

[HGE-2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*knīpanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[1]

[2]