Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rukkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *Hruknéh₂-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (to dig up). Cognate with Latin runcō (to weed, verb), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcáti, to pluck). In addition to the above theory, Kroonen suggests a derivation from an unknown verb *rehaną, *reganą, from a putative Proto-Indo-European *Hreǵʰ- (to touch), and compared with Lithuanian rõžyti (to touch, hit), though this is speculative.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈruk.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*rukkōną[1]

  1. to move, move back and forth, rock

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *rukkō *rukkǭ *rukkōi ?
2nd singular *rukkōsi *rukkōs *rukkō *rukkōsai *rukkōsau
3rd singular *rukkōþi *rukkō *rukkōþau *rukkōþai *rukkōþau
1st dual *rukkōs *rukkōw
2nd dual *rukkōþiz *rukkōþiz *rukkōþiz
1st plural *rukkōmaz *rukkōm *rukkōnþai *rukkōnþau
2nd plural *rukkōþ *rukkōþ *rukkōþ *rukkōnþai *rukkōnþau
3rd plural *rukkōnþi *rukkōn *rukkōnþau *rukkōnþai *rukkōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *rukkōdǭ *rukkōdēdį̄
2nd singular *rukkōdēz *rukkōdēdīz
3rd singular *rukkōdē *rukkōdēdī
1st dual *rukkōdēdū *rukkōdēdīw
2nd dual *rukkōdēdudiz *rukkōdēdīdiz
1st plural *rukkōdēdum *rukkōdēdīm
2nd plural *rukkōdēdud *rukkōdēdīd
3rd plural *rukkōdēdun *rukkōdēdīn
present past
participles *rukkōndz *rukkōdaz

Descendants

The original paradigm of *rukk- against *rug- allowed for different leveling among dialects.

  • Proto-West Germanic: *rukkōn, *rokkōn
  • Old Norse: *rukka, rugga

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rukk/gōn- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 417