Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/slakaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *slogos, from the root *(s)leg- (“to weaken”).^[1]^[2] Compare Old Irish lacc (“slack”), Latin laxus (“slack, loose”), Tocharian A slākkär (“sad”), and perhaps Ancient Greek λαγαρός (lagarós, “slack, loose; thin, weak”) and Sanskrit श्लक्ष्ण (ślakṣṇa, “tender, soft”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈslɑ.kɑz/

Adjective

*slakaz

weak
Synonym: *waikwaz
slack
Synonym: *slaiwaz

Inflection

Declension of *slakaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*slakaz	*slakō	slaką, -at(ō)	*slakai	*slakôz	*slakō
accusative	*slakanǭ	*slakǭ	slaką, -at(ō)	*slakanz	*slakōz	*slakō
genitive	slakas, slakis	*slakaizōz	slakas, slakis	*slakaizǫ̂	*slakaizǫ̂	*slakaizǫ̂
dative	*slakammai	*slakaizōi	*slakammai	*slakaimaz	*slakaimaz	*slakaimaz
instrumental	*slakanō	*slakaizō	*slakanō	*slakaimiz	*slakaimiz	*slakaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*slakô	*slakǭ	*slakô	*slakaniz	*slakōniz	*slakōnō
accusative	*slakanų	*slakōnų	*slakô	*slakanunz	*slakōnunz	*slakōnō
genitive	*slakiniz	*slakōniz	*slakiniz	*slakanǫ̂	*slakōnǫ̂	*slakanǫ̂
dative	*slakini	*slakōni	*slakini	*slakammaz	*slakōmaz	*slakammaz
instrumental	*slakinē	*slakōnē	*slakinē	*slakammiz	*slakōmiz	*slakammiz

Alternative reconstructions

*slakwaz^[3]

Derived terms

*slakjaną

Related terms

*slakwjaną (possibly)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *slak
- Old English: slæc, sleac, slec
  - Middle English: slak
    - English: slack
    - Scots: slak
- Old Saxon: slak (“slack, cowardly”)
  - Middle Low German: slak
    - Low German: slak
      - → German: schlack (partially)
- Middle Dutch: slac (“slack, loose, slow”)
- Old High German: slach (“slack, loose, slow”)
  - Middle High German: slach
    - German: schlack, schlach
Old Norse: slakr
- Icelandic: slakur
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: slak
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: slak
- Swedish: slak

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*slaka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 452–453
^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “slaka-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 506
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*slakwaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 349

[kroonen-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*slaka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 452–453

[2] Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “slaka-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 506

[HGE-3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*slakwaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 349

[1]

[2]

[3]