Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*sparōną (late)

Etymology

From *sparaz (“sparing, frugal”) +‎ *-āną.^[1]

Verb

*sparāną^[2]

to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 3)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*sparō	?	—	?	?
2nd singular	*sparaisi	?	*sparai	*sparāsai	?
3rd singular	*sparaiþi	?	*sparāþau	*sparāþai	?
1st dual	*sparōs	?	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sparāþiz	?	*sparāþiz	—	—
1st plural	*sparāmaz	?	—	*sparānþai	?
2nd plural	*sparaiþ	?	*sparaiþ	*sparānþai	?
3rd plural	*sparānþi	?	*sparānþau	*sparānþai	?

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sparadǭ	*sparadēdį̄
2nd singular	*sparadēz	*sparadēdīz
3rd singular	*sparadē	*sparadēdī
1st dual	*sparadēdū	*sparadēdīw
2nd dual	*sparadēdudiz	*sparadēdīdiz
1st plural	*sparadēdum	*sparadēdīm
2nd plural	*sparadēdud	*sparadēdīd
3rd plural	*sparadēdun	*sparadēdīn

	present	past
participles	*sparāndz	*sparadaz

Related terms

*sparaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sparēn
- Old English: sparian
  - Middle English: sparien, sparen
    - Scots: spar, spair
    - English: spare
- Old Frisian: sparia, spara
  - Saterland Frisian: spoarje
  - West Frisian: sparje
- Old Saxon: sparōn
  - Middle Low German: sparen
    - German Low German: sparen
- Old Dutch: *sparon
  - Middle Dutch: spāren
    - Dutch: sparen
      - Afrikaans: spaar
      - Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
      - → Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
      - → Papiamentu: spar, spaar
- Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
  - Middle High German: sparn
    - German: sparen
    - Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
      - Esperanto: ŝpari
    - Luxembourgish: spueren
- → Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
  - Italo-Romance:
    - Italian: sparagnare, sparmiare, ⇒ risparmiare
      - Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
    - Neapolitan: sparagnà
    - Sicilian: sparagnari
  - Padanian:
    - Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
    - Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
    - Piedmontese: spargné
    - Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
  - Northern Gallo-Romance:
    - Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
    - Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
      Valdôtain: éparmir
    - Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
      - ⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
    - Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
      - French: épargner
    - Walloon: spârgnî
  - Southern Gallo-Romance:
    - Occitan: esparnhar
Old Norse: spara
- Icelandic: spara
- Faroese: spara
- Norwegian Nynorsk: spara
- Old Swedish: spara
  - Swedish: spara
- Danish: spare
  - Norwegian Bokmål: spare

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*spara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465: “*sparēn-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*sparēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*spara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465: “*sparēn-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*sparēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362

[1]

[2]