Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵews-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵews-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

to taste, try

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵews- (39 c, 0 e)

*ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)^[6]
*ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati
    - Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)
*ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay
    - >? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte)^[7] (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata)^[2])
*ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)^[2]^[6]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay
  - Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)
*ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa
    - Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)
*ǵéws-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas
    - Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)
    - Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)
*ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s^[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”)^[8] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ
    - Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)
*ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s^[9]
*ǵus-tó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *juštáh
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)
*ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́
    - Sanskrit: जोष्टृ (joṣṭṛ́, “one who loves”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́
    - Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎼 (d-u-š-t-r /⁠dauštar⁠/, “friend”) (𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /⁠dauštā⁠/, nom. sg.))
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠dōst⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)
        
        Book Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst')
        
        Persian: دوست (dust, “friend”)
*ǵows-teh₂
- Proto-Celtic gowsta:^[10]
  - Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"
    - Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑eu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 166-167
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 399
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 255
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*keusan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 286
^ Pooth, Roland A., Multiple case constructions of Vedic juṣ- ‘to enjoy’ and ‘to please’: their inner-Vedic reduction and etymology, page 40
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kusti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kustu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
^ Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑eu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 166-167

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 399

[4] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 255

[5] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Kroonen-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*keusan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 286

[7] Pooth, Roland A., Multiple case constructions of Vedic juṣ- ‘to enjoy’ and ‘to please’: their inner-Vedic reduction and etymology, page 40

[Kroonen_2-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kusti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313

[9] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kustu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313

[10] Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

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