Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱewh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *ḱewh₁- (perfective)[1]

    1. to swell
    2. to be strong
      Synonym: *tewh₂-

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱewh₁- (16 c, 0 e)
    • *ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)[2]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsă)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, inf.)
    • *ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[2]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućáwHa
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuśáwHa
          • Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”, 3pl.perf.)
    • *ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)[2][3][4]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)
        • Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)
    • *ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)[2]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti
        • Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti
          • Ossetian:
            Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)
            Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)
    • *ḱiḱh₁-ú-s[5]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ
    • *ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰas
        • Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdah (“army”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s
    • *n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
        • Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)
    • >? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂
      • Proto-Celtic: *kawanā
        • Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)
    • *ḱuh₁-nó-s[4]
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)[4]
        • Old English: *hūn
          • ⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel
        • Middle Dutch: hune
        • Old Norse: húnn
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás
    • *ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”)[1] (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)
      • Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)
    • *ḱuh₁-ryós
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)
    • *ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és
      • ⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas
          • Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah
            • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)
      • ⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma
            • Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)
      • ⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s[6]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás
            • Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)
    • *ḱuh₁-yó-s
      • Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)[7]
        • Proto-Brythonic:
          • Middle Welsh: cyw
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • >? Sanskrit: *श्वम् (*śvám)
          • Sanskrit: शम् (śám, “auspiciously”)
        • Sanskrit: शुन n (śuná, “thriving”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑eu-, k̑eu̯ə-, k̑ū-, k̑u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 592-594
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 339
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κυέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 797
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hūna(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
    5. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śíśu-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 641: “*ḱi-ḱuh₁-”
    6. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śūṣá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 652: “*ḱuh₁-s-ó-”
    7. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kuwyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 231
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