Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Possibly connected to *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).[1]

    Root

    *(s)ḱeh₃-

    1. darkness, shadow

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ḱeh₃- (30 c, 0 e)
    • *(s)ḱeh₃-tó-s[2][3][4][5]
      • Proto-Celtic: *skātos (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
    • *(s)ḱéh₃-u-s ~ *(s)ḱh₃-éw-s
      • Proto-Germanic: *hēwijaz (“dark blue”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *(s)ḱéh₃-yo-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śájas (“shaded; blue”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *sojь
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *osòjь (“shaded place”) (+ *ob-) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *soja (“jay”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *(s)ḱh₃-tú-s
      • Proto-Germanic: *skadwaz (“shadow”) (see there for further descendants)
    *(s)ḱeh₃-i-[n 1]
    • *(s)ḱéh₃y-ō ~ *(s)ḱih₃-nés
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀnas
    • *(s)ḱeh₃i-ro-s[8][5]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śáiˀras
        • Proto-Slavic: *śěrъ (“grey”) (possible Germanic loanword[9]) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Celtic: *keiros[10]
        • Old Irish: cíar (“dark, black”)
          • Irish: ciar (“dusky”)
          • Scottish Gaelic: ciar (“dusky”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *hairaz (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *skoiros (“dark”)
        • ⇒ Latin: obscūrus (see there for further descendants)
    • *(s)ḱih₃-mó-s[6]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjēˀmas (vṛddhi-derivation[5])
        • Lithuanian: šė̃mas (“blue-grey”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHmás (“dark-colored”)[11] (vṛddhi-derivation[5])
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćyaHmás
        • Proto-Iranian: *cyaHmáh
          • Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”)
    • *(s)ḱih₃-wó-s[12][5]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śī́ˀwas (“grey”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćyaHwás (“dark-colored”) (vṛddhi-derivation[5]) (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *kiwos (“fog”)[13]
    *(s)ḱeh₃-u-
    • *(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés
      • Proto-Germanic: *skuwwô (“shadow, reflection”) (see there for further descendants)

    Notes

    1. ^ Alternative forms: *ḱyeh₁-,[6] *ḱh₁ey-[5][7]

    References

    1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skīnan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 445-6
    2. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “skot-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 957
    3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skāto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
    4. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎[2], Brill, page 128
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 105, 110
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑i̯ē-, k̑ī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 540-541
    7. ^ Lubotsky, A.M. (1989) “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎[3], Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 65
    8. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 91
    9. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haira-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 201
    10. ^ Koch, John (2004) “*keiro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎[5], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 84
    11. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “śyāmá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
    12. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hēwja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224
    13. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages *kiw-o-–205
    14. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuwwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452
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