Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰóh₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

The Latin, Greek and Tocharian forms are often linked to *h₂m̥bʰi, but Dunkel thinks only the first element is related.^[1]

Determiner

*bʰóh₁^[1]^[2]^[3]

both

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*bʰóh₁	*bʰéh₂h₁(e)
genitive	*?	*?
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*bʰóh₁	—
vocative	—	*bʰóh₁	—
accusative	—	*bʰóh₁	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*bʰéh₂h₁(e)	—
vocative	—	*bʰéh₂h₁(e)	—
accusative	—	*bʰéh₂h₁(e)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	—	*bʰóy(h₁)	—
vocative	—	*bʰóy(h₁)	—
accusative	—	*bʰóy(h₁)	—
genitive	—	*?	—
ablative	—	*?	—
dative	—	*?	—
locative	—	*?	—
instrumental	—	*?	—

Derived terms

*h₂n̥t-bʰóh₁^[4]^[5]^[6] or *an-(to-)bʰoh₁^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄμφω (ámphō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀμφότερος (amphóteros)
- Proto-Italic: *amβō
  - Latin: ambō
- Proto-Tocharian: *āntӓp(ӓ)i (either from the neuter dual in *-oyh₁,^[7] or with plural ending)
  - Tocharian A: āmpi m, āmpuk f
  - Tocharian B: antapi, āntpi

*h₂o-bʰóh₁^[1] / *Ho-bʰóh₁^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *abōˀ
  - Latvian: abi (with dual ending -u replaced with plural -i^[8])
  - Lithuanian: abù
  - Old Prussian: abbai (with plural ending)
  - Proto-Slavic: *oba (see there for further descendants)
*h₂u-bʰóh₁^[1]^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HubʰáH (see there for further descendants)

*bʰó-yo-s (“on both sides, in both ways”)^[1] (with the descendants adapting to their respective word without *-yo-suffix)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: abeji̇̀
  - Old Prussian: abbaien (nom.sg.n.)
  - Proto-Slavic: *oboji^[9]
    - Old Church Slavonic: обои (oboi)
- >? Proto-Germanic:
  - ⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐍉𐌸𐍃 (bajōþs) (with unclear suffix)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hubʰáyas (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Germanic: *bai (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*bʰó- 'zwei zusammen, beide'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 124-127
^ Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2104: “*bʰo- 'both'”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46
^ Eugen Hill (2012) “Hidden sound laws in the inflectional morphology of Proto-Indo-European”, in The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European)‎^[2], Museum Tusculum Press, page 184: “*h₂n̥tbʰóh₁ m., *-ói̯h₁ n.'both'”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ambō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37: “PIE h₂(e)nt-bʰoH 'both'”
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “ubhá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 520-521
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “antapi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 15
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “abu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 43
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1999), “*oba, *obě, *oboji, *oboja, *oboje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 26 (*novoukъ(jь) – *obgorditi), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 85

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*bʰó- 'zwei zusammen, beide'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 124-127

[2] Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2104: “*bʰo- 'both'”

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46

[4] Eugen Hill (2012) “Hidden sound laws in the inflectional morphology of Proto-Indo-European”, in The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European)‎^[2], Museum Tusculum Press, page 184: “*h₂n̥tbʰóh₁ m., *-ói̯h₁ n.'both'”

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ambō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37: “PIE h₂(e)nt-bʰoH 'both'”

[IAIL-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “ubhá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 520-521

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “antapi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 15

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015) “abu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 43

[9] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1999), “*oba, *obě, *oboji, *oboja, *oboje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 26 (*novoukъ(jь) – *obgorditi), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 85

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