Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kwep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*kewp (“to tremble”), *kweh₁p- (“to simmer”), *kwep- (“to breath, whisper”) (LIV)^[1]
*kʷh₂wep-^[2]^[3] (Schrijver)^[4]

Reconstruction

Most likely innovated root, which appeared in Late Proto-Indo-European. Beekes^[5] does not suggest Indo-European origin for the Greek data. Rix (in LIV) reconstructs two or three distinct roots: *keu̯p-, *ku̯eh₁p-, and possibly *ku̯ep-. The Balto-Slavic data is inconclusive - Derksen^[2] distinguishes at least two different roots *kwep- (to smell, aroma) and *kʷh₂wep- (to steam, to burn). Proto-Slavic *koprъ (“aromatic one”) and *kopriva (“burning, scalding one”) mix these two senses in the same stem, though.

The root also resembles the wanderwort Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros, “Cyprus”),^[6] Latin cuprum (“copper”), which is of Middle Eastern origin.

Root

*kwep- or *kʷap-^?^[7]

Alternative forms

*kweb- (attested in Germanic)

Derived terms

*kwḗp-ti ~ *kwép-n̥ti (root athematic Narten present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwḗptei^[8]
  - Latvian: kvêpt (“to smell”) (partially, sta-present)
    - ⇒ Latvian: kvêpêt (“to smoke”)
  - Lithuanian: kvė̃pti (“to smell”)

*kup-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kupyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kupyati
    - Sanskrit: कुप्यति (kupyati)
- Proto-Italic: *kupiō
  - Latin: cupiō (“to desire”) (or from athematic i-stem^[9])

*kup-/*kūp-eh₁(-yé)-ti (secondary essive)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpḗˀtei^[2]
  - Latvian: kupêt (“to seethe”)
  - Lithuanian: kūpėti
  - Proto-Slavic: *kypěti (“to boil up, to seethe”) (see there for further descendants)

*kub-eh₂(-yé)-ti (factive)
- Proto-Germanic: *hupōną
  - Proto-West Germanic: *hopōn (see there for further descendants)

*kwob-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *hwapjaną (“to suffocate”)^[3] (see there for further descendants)

*kwop-ó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwápas
  - Lithuanian: kvãpas (“aroma”)^[10]

>? *kʷap-nó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kapnós
  - Ancient Greek: καπνός (kapnós, “smoke, steam”)^[5] (possibly, but not very likely)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: καπνίζω (kapnízō, “to smoke”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapnás
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopněti (“to melt, to long for”) (denominal stative present) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kʷap-ró-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaprás
  - Proto-Slavic: *koprъ (“dill”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopriva (“nettle”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *koprina (“silk”)

>? *kʷap-ō-s
- Proto-Italic: *kwapōs (possibly)
  - Latin: vapor^[11]

>? *kʷap-ú-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kapús (possibly)
  - Ancient Greek: καπύς (kapús, “smoke, steam”)^[5]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: καπυρός (kapurós, “dry”)^[12] (extended with -ρός)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapús
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopъtъ (“soot, dim smoke”) (with the partitive extension *-ъtъ) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kup-/*kūp-ró-s
- Paleo-Balkan: (possibly)
  - → Ancient Greek: κύπερος (kúperos, “galingale”)^[13] (Pre-Greek)
- Proto-Celtic: *kubros (“desiring”)
  - Old Irish: cobar
  - Gaulish: cobro-^[14]
- Proto-Italic: *kupros
  - Umbrian: cupras (gen. sg.)^[15]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūprás (possibly vṛddhi construction?)
  - Proto-Slavic: *kyprъ (“bonny”)

*kūp-ó-s
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpōˀtei (denomial fientive)
  - Lithuanian: kūpúoti (“to initiate boiling”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *kypovati (“to initiate boiling”)

Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kʷeɸ- (“to pant, to breathe”)^[16] (possibly)
  - Welsh: peuo (“to roar, to breathe”) (attested relatively late)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keu̯p “to tremble”, *ku̯eh₁p- “to simmer”, *ku̯ep- “to breathe, whisper””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 359, 374, 376
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “kūpėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 264
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwapjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 260-63
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καπνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “Κύπρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 805
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(keu̯əp-:), ku̯ēp-, keu̯əp-, kūp-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 596
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kvėpti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cupiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kvapas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vapor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 654
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καπυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κύπειρον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 804
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “cobro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 120
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010) “U.sp. cubrar”, in Jürgen Untermann, editor, Wörterbuch der keltiberischen Inschriften [Dictionary of Celtiberian inscriptions] (Monumenta linguarum Hispanicarum; V.1), Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, pages 405-6
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷef-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keu̯p “to tremble”, *ku̯eh₁p- “to simmer”, *ku̯ep- “to breathe, whisper””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 359, 374, 376

[Baltic-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “kūpėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 264

[Kroonen-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwapjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263

[4] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 260-63

[Beekes-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καπνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 638

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “Κύπρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 805

[7] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(keu̯əp-:), ku̯ēp-, keu̯əp-, kūp-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 596

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015) “kvėpti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cupiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

[10] Derksen, Rick (2015) “kvapas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vapor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 654

[12] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “καπυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κύπειρον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 804

[14] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “cobro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 120

[15] Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010) “U.sp. cubrar”, in Jürgen Untermann, editor, Wörterbuch der keltiberischen Inschriften [Dictionary of Celtiberian inscriptions] (Monumenta linguarum Hispanicarum; V.1), Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, pages 405-6

[16] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷef-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

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