Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nu

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*nu(H)^[1]

Adverb

*nu^[2]

now
well (as an interjection)
and

Derived terms

*nū̆-nó-, *nū̆-nó-y
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nūnái, *nunái^[3]^[4]
  - Lithuanian: nū̃n (“now, today”), nūnai̇̃ (“now, today, nowadays”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *nyně, *nъně
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: ны́не (nýne), но́не (nóne)
        Russian: ны́нче (nýnče), но́нче (nónče), но́неча (nóneča)
      - Carpathian Rusyn: нынї (nŷnji)
        Carpathian Rusyn: нынька (nŷnʹka)
      - Ukrainian: ни́ні (nýni)
        Ukrainian: ни́нька (nýnʹka), ни́ньки (nýnʹky) (dialectal), ни́ніка (nýnika) (dialectal)
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Old Church Slavonic: нꙑнѣ (nyně), нънꙗ (nŭnja)
        
        Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏⱀⱑ (nŭně)
    - West Slavic:
      - Old Czech: nenie
        Czech: nyní
      - Old Polish: nynie
        Polish: ninie
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nūnám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nūnám
    - Sanskrit: नूनम् (nūnám)
  - Proto-Iranian: *nūrám
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬇𐬨 (nūrə̄m), 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (nūrəm), 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬄𐬨 (nūrąm)
    - Old Persian: 𐎵𐎢𐎼𐎶 (nu-u-r-m)
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (nūn)
  - Proto-Nuristani: *nūná
    - Southern Nuristani: *yéə-nū̃ə (“today”) (< *i-eká nūná)
      - Ashkun: yanū̃́
      - Waigali: önũ
- Proto-Italic: *num^[5]
  - Latin: num (“now”), nunc (< *num + -ce)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *nu^[6]
- Albanian: nu (“when”), tani (“now”), ani (“later”)
Proto-Anatolian: *nu^[7]
- Hittite: 𒉡 (nu, “now, and”)
- Luwian:
  Cuneiform script: 𒈾𒀀𒉡𒌦 (na-a-nu-un /⁠nānun⁠/)
  
  Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Anatolian hieroglyphic needed] (awa-); [script needed] (unu), [script needed] (unun)}
- Palaic: 𒉡 (nu)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nu^[8]
- Latgalian: niu, niule, niulen (“now”)
- Lithuanian: nū, nù (“now”)
- Proto-Slavic: *nъ
  - East Slavic:
    - Belarusian: ну (nu)
      - Belarusian: ану́ (anú), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́тка (nútka), ану́тка (anútka)
    - Russian: ну (nu), но (no)
      - Russian: ну́-ка (nú-ka), ну́-кась (nú-kasʹ), ну́-кася (nú-kasja), ну-с (nu-s), ну́те (núte), ну́те-ка (núte-ka), ну́те-с (núte-s), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́-ко (nú-ko), ну́-кось (nú-kosʹ), ну́-тка (nú-tka)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)
      - Carpathian Rusyn: ану (anu), ануж (anuž), ноже (nože), нуж (nuž), нуже (nuže), анужек (anužek), нолем (nolem), нолиш (nolyš), ноле (nole), оле (ole)
    - Ukrainian: ну (nu), но (no)
      - Ukrainian: ану́ (anú), ну́-бо (nú-bo), ану́бо (anúbo), ну́мо (númo), ну́мте (númte), ану́те (anúte), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ану-ну́ (anu-nú)
  - South Slavic:
    - Bulgarian: нъ (n)
    - Macedonian: но (no)
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Church Slavonic: нъ (nŭ)
      
      Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏ (nŭ)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ну
      
      Latin script: nu
    - Slovene: no
  - West Slavic:
    - Czech: no
      - Czech: nuže
    - Polish: no
      - Polish: ano
    - Slovak: no
      - Slovak: nuž
Proto-Celtic: *nu
- Old Irish: nu (archaic adverb), no- (dummy preverb for simple verbs)
- Gaulish: nu (attested in the Lezoux plate)
Proto-Germanic: *nu (“now”)^[9] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *nu, *nū
- Ancient Greek: νῦν (nûn), νυν (nun), νυ (nu)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nú, *nū́
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nú, *nū́
  - Sanskrit: नु (nú), नू (nū́, “now”)
- Proto-Iranian: *nū́
  - Avestan: 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”)
  - Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: niha (nihā), noke (nōka, “now”)
    
    Central Kurdish: ھەنووکە (hanūka, “now”)
  - Northern Kurdish: nika (nikā, “now”)
Proto-Italic: *nū^[5]
- Latin: nūper

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*nu”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294-295
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 577-583
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “nūn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 338
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*nyně, *nъně”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “num”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 418
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “nu”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 301
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “nu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 702-703
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “nъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*nu”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294-295

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 577-583

[3] Derksen, Rick (2015) “nūn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 338

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*nyně, *nъně”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360

[DV-5] 5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “num”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 418

[6] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “nu”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 301

[7] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “nu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 702-703

[8] Derksen, Rick (2008) “nъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 360

[9] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

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