Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sámh₂dʰos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *sem- (“to pour”).

Noun

*sámh₂dʰos

sand

Declension

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*sámh₂dʰos
genitive	*sámh₂dʰosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sámh₂dʰos	*sámh₂dʰoh₁	*sámh₂dʰoes
vocative	*sámh₂dʰe	*sámh₂dʰoh₁	*sámh₂dʰoes
accusative	*sámh₂dʰom	*sámh₂dʰoh₁	*sámh₂dʰoms
genitive	*sámh₂dʰosyo	*?	*sámh₂dʰoHom
ablative	*sámh₂dʰead	*?	sámh₂dʰomos, sámh₂dʰobʰos
dative	*sámh₂dʰoey	*?	sámh₂dʰomos, sámh₂dʰobʰos
locative	sámh₂dʰey, sámh₂dʰoy	*?	*sámh₂dʰoysu
instrumental	*sámh₂dʰoh₁	*?	*sámh₂dʰōys

Derived terms

Germanic:
- Proto-Germanic: *samdaz
  - Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌳𐍃 (samds)
  - Old Norse: sandr
  - Old English: sand
    - Middle English: sand
  - Dutch: zand
  - German: Sand
Celtic:
- Proto-Celtic: *sando-
  - Old Irish: sant
  - Welsh: sant
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἄμαθος (ámathos)
Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: smėlis
- Latvian: smiltis
Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: समुद्र (samudra, “ocean, sea”)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*samdaz”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
“sand”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.