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This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Iranian
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.
Noun
*cwā́
- dog
- Synonym: *kútah
Inflection
| consonant stem
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*cwā́
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*cwā́nā(w)
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*cwā́nah
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| vocative
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*cwán
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*cwā́nā(w)
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*cwā́nah
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| accusative
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*cwā́nam
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*cwā́nā(w)
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*cunáh
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| instrumental
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*cunáH
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*cwabʰyā́(m)
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*cwabʰíš
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| ablative
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*cunáh
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*cwabʰyā́(m)
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*cwabʰyáH
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| dative
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*cunáy
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*cwabʰyā́(m)
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*cwabʰyáH
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| genitive
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*cunáh
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*cwaHā́h
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*cunáHam
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| locative
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*cwáni
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*cwaHáw
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*cwahú
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Descendants
- Central Iranian:
- Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: [script needed] (śve)
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: سپی m (spay), سپۍ f (spëy)
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: سپە (spe)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *spā́kəh
- Caspian:
- Gilaki: اسپه (əspə), سک (sək)
- Mazanderani: سک (sak)
- Old Median: σπάκα (spáka) (see there for further descendants)
- Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫃 (ʿspg /ispag/)
- Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
- Gurani: سپە (sipa)
- Zazaki: espe (aspa)
- → Proto-Slavic: *sobàka (“dog”) (< *sabā́ka-)(see there for further descendants)
- Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *sakah
- Middle Persian: (/sak, sag/)
- Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫃 (sg)
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KLBA)
- Psalter Pahlavi script: [Psalter Pahlavi needed] (sky)
- Persian: سگ (sag)
- → Northern Kurdish: seg
- → Central Kurdish: سەگ (seg)
- Northern Luri: سٱی (say)
- Tat: səy (say)