Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d-kʷəj-n

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-kʷəy-n (Matisoff, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *kwiy=*kwəy ⪤ **d-k-wiy (LaPolla, 1987); *kwiy (Chou, 1972; Weidert, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *kwəy (Chou, 1972; Weidert, 1987)

A widely attested root in Sino-Tibetan languages.

The nasal suffix -n is reconstructed solely on the basis of the Chinese comparandum 犬 (quǎn), where it is said to function as a "collective plural" suffix. This word has almost been completely replaced by 狗 (gǒu) (from Old Chinese *Cə.kˁroʔ (“dog”)) in modern varieties, which Schuessler (2007) considers to be a substrate loanword of Hmong-Mien origin (Proto-Hmong-Mien *qluwˣ (“dog”)), which is in turn perhaps an Austronesian loan, cf. Proto-Austronesian *(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ (“dog”) (Benedict, 1996). Compare Proto-Japonic *enu (“dog”) (distantly possible as *eŋku (signature shift), from **e-ŋku[kuɣ] (typical reduction on the right)), and Middle Korean 가히 (kahi, “dog”) (Modern 개 (gae)).

Compare Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”), stem *ḱwón- (whence English hound, Latin canis, Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śván)).

Noun

*d-kʷəj-n

  1. dog

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: 犬 /*kʰʷeːnʔ/ (ZS), /*kʷʰˤenʔ/ (B-S) (“dog”)
    (in the oracle bone script)
    • Middle Chinese: 犬 /kʰwenX/

      → Japanese: 犬 (けん, ​ken)
      Korean: 견 (犬, gyeon)
      Vietnamese: khuyển (犬)

      • Mandarin:
        • Beijing: 犬 (quǎn) /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/ (“dog”)
      • Cantonese:
        • Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 犬 (hyun2) /hyːn³⁵/
      • Wu:
        • Shanghainese: 犬 (5chioe) /t͡ɕʰye̞⁴¹/
    • Min:
      • Coastal Min:
        • Min Nan:
          • Hokkien:
            • Taiwan: 犬 /kʰi̯en⁵¹/
  • Greater Magaric
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Mahakiranti
      • Kiranti
        • Central Kiranti
          • Dumi: खीबु (kʰibu, “dog”)
        • Eastern Kiranti
          • Northern Lorung: हुॽवा (huʔwa, “dog”)
          • Yakkha: कुचुमा (“dog”)
          • Yamphu: हुःॽवा (hu:'wā, “dog”)
          • Athpare: कोछुबा (kotsʰuba, “dog”)
      • Chepangic
        • Chepang: कुयः (kuyʔ, “dog”)
      • Magaric
        • Western Magar: चीउ (t͡ʃʲu, “dog”)
  • rGyalrongic
    • West rGyalrongic
    • East rGyalrongic
      • Situ: kʰəna, kʰə (possibly a loan from Tibetan)

See also

  • *s-pjaŋ (“wild dog”)
  • *s-k-jwal (“wild dog, wolf, jackal, dhole”)
  • *m-par ~ pra (“wild dog, wolf”)
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