Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-sin

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *msyin (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-sin (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; French, 1983; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *m-sin (*B) (Coblin, 1986)

*m-sin

1. liver
2. bitter
3. bile

• Old Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /*sin/ (B-S), /*siŋ/ (ZS) ("pungent (in taste)")
  • Middle Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /siɪn/

    → Japanese: 辛 (しん, ​shin)
    Korean: 신 (辛, sin)
    Vietnamese: tân (辛)

    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 辛 (xīn) (xīn, /ɕin⁵⁵/)
• Kamarupan
  • Kuki-Chin

    /*thin/ (VanBik, 2009)

    • Northern Chin
      • Tedim: sʻɪn⁴
      • Sizang chin
    • Central Chin
      • Mizo: thin (“liver; heart”)
      • Lai: thǐn
      • Falam Chin: tʻɪn⁴
    • Southern Chin
      • Chinbon Chin: m̩tʰiːn
      • Daai Chin: m̩tʰin
      • Nga La: n̩tʰin
    • Maraic
      • Lutuv: pathiy
      • Zotung Chin: tʻĩ¹
  • Naga
    • Central Naga:
      • Ao: məsən
      • Lotha Naga: nthen
      • Sangtam: müsi
    • Western Naga (Zemeic):
      • Zeme: ³mi ¹n ⁵ceu
      • Rongmei: məi thìn
    • Tangkhulic
      • Tangkhul: amathin
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Tibetan: མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), མཆིན་པ (mchin pa, “liver; midriff, diaphragm”)
    • Western Himalayish
      • Bunan: chinpa
      • Chaudangsi: tɕiŋ
      • Kanauri: śin
      • Rongpo: chinpa
    • Tamangish
      • Manang: cin² ba²
  • Newar
    • Newar: sẽ
  • Kham-Magar-Chepang
    • Chepang: sinʱ
• rGyalrongic
  • West rGyalrongic
    • Tangut: 𗮰 (*sji²)
  • East rGyalrongic
    • Japhug: tɯ-mtshi
• Ersuic
  • Ersu: ntshɑ⁵⁵
• Qiangic
  • Pumi
    • Northern Pumi: tsu³⁵
    • Southern Pumi: tsyɛ̃⁵⁵
  • Qiang
    • Northern Qiang: si
    • Southern Qiang: sie⁵⁵
  • Queyu: ze¹³
  • Zhaba sei³³
• Naic
  • Namuyi: si⁵⁵
  • Shixing: suə̃⁵⁵
  • Proto-Naish: *seɣ
    • Naxi: serl (/⁠sɚ⁵⁵⁠/)
    • Narua: seeq (/⁠si˩˥⁠/)
    • Laze: [Term?] (/⁠si˧⁠/)
• Nungic
  • Anong: bɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
  • Drung: pɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
  • Rawang: mə ʃɯn³³
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho: sin (“liver”), masin (“heart, mind”)
  • Asakian
    • Sak: áŋsiŋ
    • Ganan: ăsʻɛ̃¹
• Lolo-Burmese

  • *sin¹ ⪤ tsin¹ (Matisoff, 2003)

  • Burmish
    • Burmese: သည်း (sany:, “liver”) (> အသည်း (a.sany:, “liver”))
    • Achang: a³¹ ʂəŋ³¹
    • Pela: saŋ³⁵
    • Hpon: ăʃaìŋ
    • Zaiwa: siŋ²¹
    • Lhao Vo: sang
  • Loloish: /*(ʃ)-sin²/ (Bradley, 1979)
    • Northern Loloish
      • Yi (Liangshan): ꌌ (sip, “liver”)
      • Xishanba Lalo: sì-tsé
      • Nasu: sɿ⁵⁵
      • Wumeng: ʂer²¹
      • Nusu: sʰɐ⁵⁵
    • Central Loloish
      • Lisu (Southern): ꓢꓲꓽ (sɨ̀, “liver”), sometimes also ꓫꓵꓽ (ʃɨ̀, “liver”)
      • Lipo: sɿ²¹ tha²¹
      • Sani: sé
      • Jinuo: tsʰɯ³¹ na³¹
      • Kucong: a³¹ sɔ³⁵
      • Lahu: ɔ³¹ sɛ³¹
      • Lisu: si³¹
    • Southern Loloish
      • Bisu: aŋ tshiŋ
      • Hani: tshɔ³¹
      • Mpi: ʔɑ² thɯ²
      • Phunoi: ʔã́ sìn
      • Pyen: ʔa³³ chin³¹
      • Gong: ho̩ŋ sɤ̩́ŋ
    • Southeastern Loloish
      • Azha: i³³ sɛ²²
      • Southern Muji: ɛ²¹ χa⁵⁵ ʨʰi²¹
• Proto-Karen: *swɨnᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: သူၣ် (thoò, “liver”)
  • Western Kayah: ꤞꤣ꤭ (thōe, “liver”)
  • Northern Pwo: sɑ̃³³
  • Eastern Pwo: ə̆ θə̃¹
  • Western Pwo: ə̆ θə̃⁴

• *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“liver, bile, bitter”)