Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľutъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Perhaps a relic t-participle of Proto-Balto-Slavic *ljáutei, maybe conveying “to thrill, to surge” (per Mladenov), with no clear cognates outside of Slavic:[1]
- According to Endzelīns, akin to Latvian ļaũns (“evil, wicked”), ļoti (“highly, excessively”) (adverb).
- Toporov considers potential relation to Lithuanian liáutis (“to cease, to stop oneself”),[2] which Pokorny derives from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁w- (“to let go”).
- Or, from *lewh₁- (“to cut off, loosen”), see also Proto-Germanic *lewô (“scythe”).[3]
Compare also Proto-Germanic *leuþą (“song, appraisal”), from *lew- (“to sing, praise”).
Adjective
- harsh, cruel, severe
- (by extension) spicy, pungent, abrasive (for taste)
- (figurative) angry, fierce, violent, bloodthirsty (for person, animal)
Inflection
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *ľutъ | *ľuta | *ľuto |
| genitive | *ľuta | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| dative | *ľutu | *ľutě | *ľutu |
| accusative | *ľutъ | *ľutǫ | *ľuto |
| instrumental | *ľutomь | *ľutojǫ | *ľutomь |
| locative | *ľutě | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| vocative | *ľute | *ľuto | *ľuto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| genitive | *ľutu | *ľutu | *ľutu |
| dative | *ľutoma | *ľutama | *ľutoma |
| accusative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| instrumental | *ľutoma | *ľutama | *ľutoma |
| locative | *ľutu | *ľutu | *ľutu |
| vocative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľuti | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| genitive | *ľutъ | *ľutъ | *ľutъ |
| dative | *ľutomъ | *ľutamъ | *ľutomъ |
| accusative | *ľuty | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| instrumental | *ľuty | *ľutami | *ľuty |
| locative | *ľutěxъ | *ľutaxъ | *ľutěxъ |
| vocative | *ľuti | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *ľutъjь | *ľutaja | *ľutoje |
| genitive | *ľutajego | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutajego |
| dative | *ľutujemu | *ľutěji | *ľutujemu |
| accusative | *ľutъjь | *ľutǫjǫ | *ľutoje |
| instrumental | *ľutyjimь | *ľutǫjǫ | *ľutyjimь |
| locative | *ľutějemь | *ľutěji | *ľutějemь |
| vocative | *ľutъjь | *ľutaja | *ľutoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| genitive | *ľutuju | *ľutuju | *ľutuju |
| dative | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima |
| accusative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| instrumental | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima |
| locative | *ľutuju | *ľutuju | *ľutuju |
| vocative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *ľutiji | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutaja |
| genitive | *ľutъjixъ | *ľutъjixъ | *ľutъjixъ |
| dative | *ľutyjimъ | *ľutyjimъ | *ľutyjimъ |
| accusative | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutaja |
| instrumental | *ľutyjimi | *ľutyjimi | *ľutyjimi |
| locative | *ľutyjixъ | *ľutyjixъ | *ľutyjixъ |
| vocative | *ľutiji | *ľutyję̇ | *ľutaja |
Derived terms
- *ľutakъ, *ľutikъ, *ľutiťь, *ľutičę (type of pungent herb)
- *ľutiti, *ľutěti (sę), *ľutovati
- *ľutivъ, *ľutěnъ
- *ľutivъka, *ľutěnica (“bitter, spicy appetizer”)
- *ľutьcь, *ľutica, *ľutunъ (“evil, wicked person or animal”)
- *ľuto (“evil, wickedness”)
- *ľutostь, *ľutina, *ľutyni (“rugness, harshness, fierceness”)
- *ľutъkъ, *ľutьnъ, *ľutovъ
Related terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*l̦utъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 283
- ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “лютый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- ^ Rejzek, Jiří (2001) “lítý”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 1st edition, Voznice: LEDA, →ISBN
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “ljutъ ljuta ljuto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 108, 110; PR 136)”
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*ljutъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 231
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лют”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 581
- “liautis”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012