Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-rъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ras, from Proto-Indo-European *-rós. Unlike the Indo-European suffix, the Slavic one could be attached to any-grade (0-, e-, or o-) stems. Cognate with Lithuanian -ras, -rus and Latvian -rs.
Suffix
*-rъ
- From intransitive verbs or basic 0-grade stems, forms adjectives
- Synonym: *-lъ
- *bъdrъ (“awake”) ← *bъděti (“to be conscious, to look over”)
- *rъdrъ (“red, rusty”) ← *rъděti (“to rust”)
- *starъ (“old”) ← *stati (“to stay, to stand”)
- *pьstrъ (“colourful”) < earlier *pьsrъ ← *pьsati (“to draw, to paint”)
- *sporъ (“abundant”) < earlier *sp(ə)rъ ← *spěti (“to advance, to succeed”)
- *xytrъ (“cunning, clever”) ← *xvatаti (“to catch, to grasp, to gulp”)
- *bystrъ (“transparent, rapid”) < earlier *bysrъ ← Pre-Slavic *bʰuHs- (“stormy, blowing”)
- *ostrъ (“sharp”) < earlier *osrъ ← Pre-Slavic *h₂ḱ- (“acute, sharp”)
- From o-grade stems, forms adjectives
- From e-grade stems, forms adjectives (rare)
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-rъ | *-ra | *-ro |
| genitive | *-ra | *-ry | *-ra |
| dative | *-ru | *-rě | *-ru |
| accusative | *-rъ | *-rǫ | *-ro |
| instrumental | *-romь | *-rojǫ | *-romь |
| locative | *-rě | *-rě | *-rě |
| vocative | *-re | *-ro | *-ro |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ra | *-rě | *-rě |
| genitive | *-ru | *-ru | *-ru |
| dative | *-roma | *-rama | *-roma |
| accusative | *-ra | *-rě | *-rě |
| instrumental | *-roma | *-rama | *-roma |
| locative | *-ru | *-ru | *-ru |
| vocative | *-ra | *-rě | *-rě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-ri | *-ry | *-ra |
| genitive | *-rъ | *-rъ | *-rъ |
| dative | *-romъ | *-ramъ | *-romъ |
| accusative | *-ry | *-ry | *-ra |
| instrumental | *-ry | *-rami | *-ry |
| locative | *-rěxъ | *-raxъ | *-rěxъ |
| vocative | *-ri | *-ry | *-ra |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-rъjь | *-raja | *-roje |
| genitive | *-rajego | *-ryję̇ | *-rajego |
| dative | *-rujemu | *-rěji | *-rujemu |
| accusative | *-rъjь | *-rǫjǫ | *-roje |
| instrumental | *-ryjimь | *-rǫjǫ | *-ryjimь |
| locative | *-rějemь | *-rěji | *-rějemь |
| vocative | *-rъjь | *-raja | *-roje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-raja | *-rěji | *-rěji |
| genitive | *-ruju | *-ruju | *-ruju |
| dative | *-ryjima | *-ryjima | *-ryjima |
| accusative | *-raja | *-rěji | *-rěji |
| instrumental | *-ryjima | *-ryjima | *-ryjima |
| locative | *-ruju | *-ruju | *-ruju |
| vocative | *-raja | *-rěji | *-rěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-riji | *-ryję̇ | *-raja |
| genitive | *-rъjixъ | *-rъjixъ | *-rъjixъ |
| dative | *-ryjimъ | *-ryjimъ | *-ryjimъ |
| accusative | *-ryję̇ | *-ryję̇ | *-raja |
| instrumental | *-ryjimi | *-ryjimi | *-ryjimi |
| locative | *-ryjixъ | *-ryjixъ | *-ryjixъ |
| vocative | *-riji | *-ryję̇ | *-raja |
Derived suffixes
- *-rъ m, *-ra f, *-ro n (noun-forming)
- *-erъ/*-ěrъ m, *-ara f (noun-forming, usually agents (particularly masculine animals) or instruments)
- *-yrъ m, *-yra f (noun-forming, usually tool)
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-rъ