Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/duxъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dausas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-, variant of *dʰwes-. Cognate with Lithuanian daũsos f pl (“air”), Proto-Germanic *deuzą (“animal”).

Noun

*dȗxъ m^[1]^[2]^[3]

gust (of wind)
breath (especially as manifestation of the life)
bezъ ducha byti ― to be dead, not alive

jьspustiti/vypustiti ducha ― to die
soul
spirit
zъlъ duxъ ― evil spirit

Declension

Declension of *dȗxъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dȗxъ	*dȗxa	*dȗśi
genitive	*dȗxa	*duxù	*dũxъ
dative	*dȗxu	*duxomà	*duxòmъ
accusative	*dȗxъ	*dȗxa	*dȗxy
instrumental	dȗxъmь, dȗxomь^*	*duxomà	*duxý
locative	*dȗśě	*duxù	*duśě̃xъ
vocative	*duše	*dȗxa	*dȗśi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Related terms

*duxati (“to blow”), *duxnǫti (“to blow up”), *dušiti (“to suffocate”)
*dyšati (“to breath”), *dъxnǫti (“to breath, to inhale”), *dъxъ (“breath”)
*dyxati (“to breath”), *dyxъ (“whiff”), *dyxъtěti
*podušьka
*duxъna (“feather-bedspread”)

Derived terms

*duša (“soul”)
- *bezdušьnъ (“heartless, soulless”)
*dušiti (“to sniff, to scent”)
*duxota (“immateriality, transcendence”)
*duxovъ (“aerial, spiritual”)
- *duxovitъ (“with high spirit”)
- *duxovьnikъ (“cleric”)
- *duxovьnostь (“spirituality”)
*oduxotvoriti (“to enchant”) < *duxъ +‎ *tvoriti (“to create”)
*vъzduxъ (“air”)
*zaduxъ (“asthma, shortness of air”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: духъ (duxŭ, “air”)
  - Belarusian: дух (dux)
  - Russian: дух (dux)
  - Carpathian Rusyn: дух (dux)
  - Ukrainian: дух (dux)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: доухъ (duxŭ)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⰴⱆⱈⱏ (duxŭ)
- Bulgarian: дух (duh)
- Macedonian: дух (duh)
- Serbo-Croatian: dȕh, ду̏х
- Slovene: dȗh (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: duch
  - Czech: duch
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): duch
- Kashubian: dëch
- Polish: duch
- Slovak: duch
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: duch
  - Lower Sorbian: duch

Non-Slavic:
- → Hungarian: doh
- → Romanian: duh

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 124: “m. o (c) ‘breath, spirit’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “duxъ duxa”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c breathing; odor (NA 97; SA 94, 156; PR 137; RPT 97, 102)”
^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1984), “duchъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 5 (drъgati – ďurъka), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 84

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 124: “m. o (c) ‘breath, spirit’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “duxъ duxa”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c breathing; odor (NA 97; SA 94, 156; PR 137; RPT 97, 102)”

[3] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1984), “duchъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 5 (drъgati – ďurъka), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 84

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