дух
See also: доухъ
Belarusian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [dux]
Noun
дух • (dux) m pers (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хі, genitive plural ду́хаў)
Declension
Declension of дух (pr velar masc-form accent-a)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | дух dux |
ду́хі dúxi |
| genitive | ду́ха dúxa |
ду́хаў dúxaŭ |
| dative | ду́ху dúxu |
ду́хам dúxam |
| accusative | ду́ха dúxa |
ду́хаў dúxaŭ |
| instrumental | ду́хам dúxam |
ду́хамі dúxami |
| locative | ду́ху dúxu |
ду́хах dúxax |
| count form | — | ду́хі1 dúxi1 |
1Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.
Noun
дух • (dux) m inan (genitive ду́ху, uncountable)
- spirit
- Баявы́ дух. ― Bajavý dux. ― Fighting spirit.
Declension
Declension of дух (inan sg-only velar masc-form accent-a)
References
- “дух” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
Bulgarian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [dux]
Audio: (file)
Noun
дух • (duh) m
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | дух duh |
ду́хове, духове́ dúhove, duhové |
| definite (subject form) |
духъ́т duhǎ́t |
ду́ховете, духове́те dúhovete, duhovéte |
| definite (object form) |
духа́ duhá | |
| count form | — | ду́ха dúha |
| vocative form | ду́хо dúho |
ду́хове, духове́ dúhove, duhové |
Derived terms
References
- “дух”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- “дух”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
Macedonian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [dux]
- Hyphenation: дух
Noun
дух • (duh) m (plural ду́хови, relational adjective ду́ховен)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | дух (duh) | духови (duhovi) |
| definite unspecified | духот (duhot) | духовите (duhovite) |
| definite proximal | духов (duhov) | духовиве (duhovive) |
| definite distal | духон (duhon) | духовине (duhovine) |
| vocative | духу (duhu) | духови (duhovi) |
| count form | — | духа (duha) |
References
- “дух” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu
Russian
Alternative forms
- духъ (dux) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [dux]
Audio: (file)
Noun
дух • (dux) m anim or m inan (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хи, genitive plural ду́хов, relational adjective духово́й)
- spirit
- боево́й дух ― bojevój dux ― morale (literally, “fighting spirit”)
- перевести́ дух ― perevestí dux ― to catch one's breath; to take a breather
- не в ду́хе ― ne v dúxe ― in a bad mood
- 1869, Лев Толстой [Leo Tolstoy], “Том 2, Часть четвёртая, VII”, in Война и мир; English translation from Aylmer and Louise Maude, transl., War and Peace, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922–1923:
- Где, как, когда́ всоса́ла в себя́ из того́ ру́сского во́здуха, кото́рым она́ дыша́ла — э́та графи́нечка, воспи́танная эмигра́нткой-францу́женкой, э́тот дух, отку́да взяла́ она́ э́ти приёмы, кото́рые pas de châle давно́ бы должны́ бы́ли вы́теснить? Но дух и приёмы э́ти бы́ли те са́мые, неподража́емые, не изуча́емые, ру́сские, кото́рых и ждал от неё дя́дюшка.
- Gde, kak, kogdá vsosála v sebjá iz tovó rússkovo vózduxa, kotórym oná dyšála — éta grafínečka, vospítannaja emigrántkoj-francúženkoj, étot dux, otkúda vzjalá oná éti prijómy, kotóryje pas de châle davnó by dolžný býli výtesnitʹ? No dux i prijómy éti býli te sámyje, nepodražájemyje, ne izučájemyje, rússkije, kotóryx i ždal ot nejó djádjuška.
- Where, how, and when had this young countess, educated by an émigrée French governess, imbibed from the Russian air she breathed that spirit and obtained that manner which the pas de châle would, one would have supposed, long ago have effaced? But the spirit and the movements were those inimitable and unteachable Russian ones that “Uncle” had expected of her.
- mind
- courage
- ghost
- breath
- scent
- rebel (especially in Afghanistan; from душма́н (dušmán))
- (military, slang) new recruit, rookie who is sometimes abused by the longer serving soldiers
Declension
Declension of дух (bian masc-form velar-stem accent-a)
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ду́х dúx |
ду́хи dúxi | |
| genitive | ду́ха dúxa |
ду́хов dúxov | |
| dative | ду́ху dúxu |
ду́хам dúxam | |
| accusative | animate | ду́ха dúxa |
ду́хов dúxov |
| inanimate | ду́х dúx |
ду́хи dúxi | |
| instrumental | ду́хом dúxom |
ду́хами dúxami | |
| prepositional | ду́хе dúxe |
ду́хах dúxax | |
| partitive | ду́ху dúxu |
||
| locative | духу́ duxú |
||
| vocative | ду́ше dúše |
||
Related terms
Descendants
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dûx/
Noun
ду̏х m anim (Latin spelling dȕh)
- ghost
- spirit
- Исус, пак пун Духа Светог, врати се од Јордана, и одведе Га Дух у пустињу, […]
- Isus, pak pun Duha Svetog, vrati se od Jordana, i odvede Ga Duh u pustinju, […]
- Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, left the Jordan and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, […]
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ду̏х | ду̀хови / ду̏си |
| genitive | духа | ду̀хо̄ва̄ / ду̑ха̄ |
| dative | духу | ду̀ховима / ду̏сима |
| accusative | духа | ду̀хове / ду̏хе |
| vocative | ду̏ше | ду̀хови / ду̏си |
| locative | духу | ду̀ховима / ду̏сима |
| instrumental | духом | ду̀ховима / ду̏сима |
Related terms
Further reading
- “дух”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
Ukrainian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [dux]
Audio: (file)
Noun
дух • (dux) m inan (genitive ду́ху, uncountable)
Declension
| singular | |
|---|---|
| nominative | дух dux |
| genitive | ду́ху dúxu |
| dative | ду́хові, ду́ху dúxovi, dúxu |
| accusative | дух dux |
| instrumental | ду́хом dúxom |
| locative | ду́сі, ду́хові dúsi, dúxovi |
| vocative | ду́ху dúxu |
Noun
дух • (dux) m pers (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хи, genitive plural ду́хів)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | дух dux |
ду́хи dúxy |
| genitive | ду́ха dúxa |
ду́хів dúxiv |
| dative | ду́хові, ду́ху dúxovi, dúxu |
ду́хам dúxam |
| accusative | ду́ха dúxa |
ду́хів dúxiv |
| instrumental | ду́хом dúxom |
ду́хами dúxamy |
| locative | ду́хові, ду́ху dúxovi, dúxu |
ду́хах dúxax |
| vocative | ду́ху dúxu |
ду́хи dúxy |
Further reading
- Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “дух”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
- Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2025), “дух”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–15 (а – п'ять), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN