Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gǫstъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Commonly derived from some enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to squeeze”). Proposed exact etymologies:
- Fraenkel: Possibly directly from *gom- + *-stъ, akin to Latvian guosts (“multitude”), Lithuanian gąstùs (“rich, wealthy”) (from an earlier ganstùs).
- Vasmer, Machek: From an earlier *gǫt- + *-tъ, related to the more rare Proto-Slavic *gǫtьnъ (“dense”) (whence Czech, Slovak hutný).
- Berneker: From an earlier *gn̥ĝ-to-, a perfect passive participle of Proto-Indo-European *genǵ- (“to lump”), akin to Proto-Slavic *gǫžь (“bundle”), Lithuanian gunžỹs (“clump of fodder”), Ancient Greek γογγύλος (gongúlos, “spherical”). Possibly further related to Lithuanian gùnga (“hump, hunchback, clump”), Albanian gungë (“hump”).
Adjective
Inflection
Accent paradigm c.
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gǫstъ | *gǫsta | *gǫsto |
| genitive | *gǫsta | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| dative | *gǫstu | *gǫstě | *gǫstu |
| accusative | *gǫstъ | *gǫstǫ | *gǫsto |
| instrumental | *gǫstomь | *gǫstojǫ | *gǫstomь |
| locative | *gǫstě | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| vocative | *gǫste | *gǫsto | *gǫsto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| genitive | *gǫstu | *gǫstu | *gǫstu |
| dative | *gǫstoma | *gǫstama | *gǫstoma |
| accusative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| instrumental | *gǫstoma | *gǫstama | *gǫstoma |
| locative | *gǫstu | *gǫstu | *gǫstu |
| vocative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫsti | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| genitive | *gǫstъ | *gǫstъ | *gǫstъ |
| dative | *gǫstomъ | *gǫstamъ | *gǫstomъ |
| accusative | *gǫsty | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| instrumental | *gǫsty | *gǫstami | *gǫsty |
| locative | *gǫstěxъ | *gǫstaxъ | *gǫstěxъ |
| vocative | *gǫsti | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstaja | *gǫstoje |
| genitive | *gǫstajego | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstajego |
| dative | *gǫstujemu | *gǫstěji | *gǫstujemu |
| accusative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstǫjǫ | *gǫstoje |
| instrumental | *gǫstyjimь | *gǫstǫjǫ | *gǫstyjimь |
| locative | *gǫstějemь | *gǫstěji | *gǫstějemь |
| vocative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstaja | *gǫstoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| genitive | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju |
| dative | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima |
| accusative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| instrumental | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima |
| locative | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju |
| vocative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫstiji | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstaja |
| genitive | *gǫstъjixъ | *gǫstъjixъ | *gǫstъjixъ |
| dative | *gǫstyjimъ | *gǫstyjimъ | *gǫstyjimъ |
| accusative | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstaja |
| instrumental | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstyjimi |
| locative | *gǫstyjixъ | *gǫstyjixъ | *gǫstyjixъ |
| vocative | *gǫstiji | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstaja |
Derived terms
- *gǫstakъ (“thicket, bush”)
- *gǫstěti (sę) (“to thicken, to be dense”)
- *gǫstiti (“to condense, to compactify”)
- *gǫstežь (“grove”)
- *gǫstostь, *gǫstina (“denseness, compactness”)
- *gǫstota, *gǫstyni (“density”)
- *gǫstъkъ (“cramped, tight”)
- *gǫščь, *gǫšča (“thicket”)
- *gǫščarъ, *gǫščina (“grove”)
Related terms
- *žęti (“to press”)
- *gomota (“condense matter”)
- *gomoľь, *gomoľa (“clump”)
- *gǫčь (“desne state”)
- *gǫtьnъ (“dense”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “густо́й”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999) “густой”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 228
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gǫstъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 87
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “гъст”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 305
- “gąstus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gǫ̑stъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183: “adj. o (c) ‘dense’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “gǫstъ gǫsta gǫsto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c tæt (PR 138)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “gọst²”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gǫ̑stъ”