Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xʷin

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Proto-Yeniseian numbers (edit)
[a], [b], [c] ←  1 2 3  → 
    Cardinal: *xʷin
    Ordinal: *xʷinwasVŋʷ
    Adverbial: *xʷinpa
    Collective: *xʷinɟe

Alternative reconstructions

  • *(k)ɨn, *xɨna (per Werner 2002, Starostin 2005)
  • *ɯ̄ˑn, *xɯn, *wen (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *xʷen (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Na-Dene *χun (“half, two parts”); Proto-Athabaskan *-χonʔ (“half of something”). Fortescue-Vajda (2022) also notes that number systems of two families are not cognate with each other.

Numeral

*xʷin (ordinal *xʷin-was-Vŋʷ)

  1. (cardinal number) two, 2

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: ɨnem (Bahta and Eed-Šeš dialects)
    • Imbak Ket: ɨ́nam, ɨnam, ɨnem, ɨn'am (ɨnʲam)
      • Ket: ын (ɨ̄n)
        • ⇒ Ket: ынаӈ (ɨ́naŋ) (counting form used with animate nouns)
        • ⇒ Ket: ынам (ɨ́nam) (counting form used with inanimate nouns)
    • ⇒ Ket: бан (bán, “double”) (b- < *xʷ-)
    • ⇒ Ket: бенэ (bɛnɛ̀, “apart”) (from *xʷin-ja; b- < *xʷ-)
    • ⇒ Ket: ун- (un-, “in half, in two”, incorporative verbal prefix and thematic marker)
    • Ostyak Yug: ɨnem
      • Yug: ынеӈ (ɨ́neŋ, “two, 2”) (used with animate nouns)
      • Yug: ынэ (ɨ́nɛ, “two, 2”) (used with inanimate nouns)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: inéé, ineɛ, ɨna, ɨn'e (ɨnʲe)
    • Kott: în, in'a (inʲa), îna (iːna), ɨnä, ina, ín'a (ínʲa)
      • ⇒ Kott: inča (“two, 2”)
      • ⇒ Kott: îniaŋ (iːniaŋ, “two, 2”) (used with animate nouns)
      • ⇒ Kott: înšin (iːnšin, “both”)
  • Arinic:
  • Pumpokolic:
  • ⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *xʷin-gakʷ (“sleeve”, literally “double-opening”)
    • Ketic:
      • Ket: банна (bánna)
      • Yug: бенгоу (bɛ́ngou)
    • ⇒ Proto-Kottic: *qaxʷ-xʷin(-gakʷ) (literally “fur-double”)
      • Kott: haipen (“sleeve of fur coats”)

Further reading

  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 254, 255, 270
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “115.) ~*χewn”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*ɯ̄ˑn (4)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 1068
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*xʷin (Tab. 13)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 404
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*xʷin, *xʷin- (Tab. 18)”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[4], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 420
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[5], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 440
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “ɨn (II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 423
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “two”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 331
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