dul

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dul"

Afar

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdul/ [ˈdʊl]
Hyphenation: dul

Noun

dúl m (plural duulitté f)

common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)

Declension

Declension of dúl

absolutive	dúl
predicative	dúulu
subjective	dúl
genitive	dultí

Postpositioned forms
l-case	dúulul
k-case	dúuluk
t-case	dúulut
h-case	dúuluh

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “dul”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

Aromanian

Alternative forms

dhul, dulu, dhulu

Etymology

From Greek δούλος (doúlos).

Noun

dul m (plural dulj, feminine equivalent dulã)

servant

Synonyms

huzmichear, shcljau

Azerbaijani

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *tul, *dul(k) (“widow, widower”).

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Noun

dul (definite accusative dulu, plural dullar)

widow, widower

Declension

Declension of *dul*
	singular	plural
nominative	dul	dullar
definite accusative	dulu	dulları
dative	dula	dullara
locative	dulda	dullarda
ablative	duldan	dullardan
definite genitive	dulun	dulların

Possessive forms of *dul*
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dulum	dullarım
sənin (“your”)	dulun	dulların
onun (“his/her/its”)	dulu	dulları
bizim (“our”)	dulumuz	dullarımız
sizin (“your”)	dulunuz	dullarınız
onların (“their”)	dulu or dulları	dulları

	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dulumu	dullarımı
sənin (“your”)	dulunu	dullarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	dulunu	dullarını
bizim (“our”)	dulumuzu	dullarımızı
sizin (“your”)	dulunuzu	dullarınızı
onların (“their”)	dulunu or dullarını	dullarını

	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	duluma	dullarıma
sənin (“your”)	duluna	dullarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	duluna	dullarına
bizim (“our”)	dulumuza	dullarımıza
sizin (“your”)	dulunuza	dullarınıza
onların (“their”)	duluna or dullarına	dullarına

	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dulumda	dullarımda
sənin (“your”)	dulunda	dullarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	dulunda	dullarında
bizim (“our”)	dulumuzda	dullarımızda
sizin (“your”)	dulunuzda	dullarınızda
onların (“their”)	dulunda or dullarında	dullarında

	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dulumdan	dullarımdan
sənin (“your”)	dulundan	dullarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	dulundan	dullarından
bizim (“our”)	dulumuzdan	dullarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	dulunuzdan	dullarınızdan
onların (“their”)	dulundan or dullarından	dullarından

	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	dulumun	dullarımın
sənin (“your”)	dulunun	dullarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	dulunun	dullarının
bizim (“our”)	dulumuzun	dullarımızın
sizin (“your”)	dulunuzun	dullarınızın
onların (“their”)	dulunun or dullarının	dullarının

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈdul]

Participle

dul

masculine singular past active participle of dout

Hamer-Banna

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dúl/, [dúl̥]

Ideophone

dul

act of going

References

Petrollino, Sara (2016) A Grammar of Hamar: A South Omotic language of Ethiopia‎^[1], Leiden University

Icelandic

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tʏːl/
Rhymes: -ʏːl

Noun

dul f (genitive singular dular, no plural)

concealment
Synonym: leynd

Declension

Declension of *dul* (sg-only feminine)
	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	dul	dulin
accusative	dul	dulina
dative	dul	dulinni
genitive	dular	dularinnar

Related terms

duld (“neurosis, complex”)
dulur (“introverted, reticent”)
dulúð (“occult, mystery”)
dylja (“to hide, to conceal”)

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̪ˠul̪ˠ/^[1], /d̪ˠol̪ˠ/^[2]^[3]^[4], /d̪ˠɞl̪ˠ/^[5]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish dul, verbal noun of téit (“to go”).^[6]

Alternative forms

goil, gul, ’ul^[7]

The spontaneously lenited form dhul is also found outside of usually leniting environments.

Noun

dul m (genitive singular dula)

verbal noun of téigh
going, passing, departure
way, method; means, capability
proper, natural order
arrangement, construction, style, version
condition, state
time, occasion

Declension

Declension of dul (third declension, no plural)

bare forms
	singular
nominative	dul
vocative	a dhul
genitive	dula
dative	dul

forms with the definite article
	singular
nominative	an dul
genitive	an dula
dative	leis an dul don dul

Synonyms

goil (Connacht, Ulster)

Derived terms

dul idir

Etymology 2

Noun

dul m (genitive singular dula)

alternative form of dol (“loop”)

Declension

Declension of dul (third declension, no plural)

bare forms
	singular
nominative	dul
vocative	a dhul
genitive	dula
dative	dul

forms with the definite article
	singular
nominative	an dul
genitive	an dula
dative	leis an dul don dul

Verb

dul (present analytic dulann, future analytic dulfaidh, verbal noun duladh, past participle dulta)

alternative form of dol (“to loop”)

Conjugation

conjugation of dul (first conjugation – A)

tense	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
verbal noun	duladh
past participle	dulta
tense	first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative
present	dulaim	dulann tú; dulair^†	dulann sé, sí	dulaimid	dulann sibh	dulann siad; dulaid^†	a dhulann; a dhulas / a ndulann*	dultar
past	dhul mé; dhulas	dhul tú; dhulais	dhul sé, sí	dhulamar; dhul muid	dhul sibh; dhulabhair	dhul siad; dhuladar	a dhul / ar dhul*	duladh
past habitual	dhulainn / ndulainn‡‡	dhultá / ndultá‡‡	dhuladh sé, sí / nduladh sé, sí‡‡	dhulaimis; dhuladh muid / ndulaimis‡‡; nduladh muid‡‡	dhuladh sibh / nduladh sibh‡‡	dhulaidís; dhuladh siad / ndulaidís‡‡; nduladh siad‡‡	a dhuladh / a nduladh*	dhultaí / ndultaí‡‡
future	dulfaidh mé; dulfad	dulfaidh tú; dulfair^†	dulfaidh sé, sí	dulfaimid; dulfaidh muid	dulfaidh sibh	dulfaidh siad; dulfaid^†	a dhulfaidh; a dhulfas / a ndulfaidh*	dulfar
conditional	dhulfainn / ndulfainn‡‡	dhulfá / ndulfá‡‡	dhulfadh sé, sí / ndulfadh sé, sí‡‡	dhulfaimis; dhulfadh muid / ndulfaimis‡‡; ndulfadh muid‡‡	dhulfadh sibh / ndulfadh sibh‡‡	dhulfaidís; dhulfadh siad / ndulfaidís‡‡; ndulfadh siad‡‡	a dhulfadh / a ndulfadh*	dhulfaí / ndulfaí‡‡
subjunctive
present	go ndula mé; go ndulad^†	go ndula tú; go ndulair^†	go ndula sé, sí	go ndulaimid; go ndula muid	go ndula sibh	go ndula siad; go ndulaid^†	—	go ndultar
past	dá ndulainn	dá ndultá	dá nduladh sé, sí	dá ndulaimis; dá nduladh muid	dá nduladh sibh	dá ndulaidís; dá nduladh siad	—	dá ndultaí
imperative
–	dulaim	dul	duladh sé, sí	dulaimis	dulaigí; dulaidh^†	dulaidís	—	dultar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of *dul*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
dul	dhul	ndul

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Dillon, Myles, Donncha Ó Cróinín (1961) Teach Yourself Irish, Sevenoaks, England: Hodder and Stoughton, →ISBN, page 224
^ Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947) The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 250, page 51
^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000) Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne [The Irish of Corkaguiny] (in Irish), Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann [Linguistics Institute of Ireland], →ISBN, section 546, page 301
^ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 221, page 115
^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 180, page 91
^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 dul”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
^ “dul”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy

North Wahgi

Noun

dul

eye

Old Irish

Alternative forms

daul

Etymology

The u in the term is commonly assumed to have arisen in the first place from u-infection of an original Proto-Celtic *dalus, which may be derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“to ooze, spring up”), Ancient Greek θάλλω (thállō, “to bloom, thrive”), Albanian dal (“to go out”). Related to Welsh deillio (“to emanate, arise”).^[1]^[2] Matasović considers this etymology “dubious on semantic grounds” but suggests no alternative etymology.^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dul]

Noun

dul m (genitive dula)

verbal noun of téit

Inflection

Masculine u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	dul	—	—
vocative	dul	—	—
accusative	dul^N	—	—
genitive	dulo^H, dula^H	—	—
dative	dul^L	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Related terms

duilne (“foliage”)
duilesc (“edible seaweed”)

Descendants

Irish: dul
Scottish Gaelic: dol

Mutation

Mutation of *dul*
radical	lenition	nasalization
dul	dul pronounced with /ð-/	ndul

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 327
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 257
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dal‑n-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 88

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t̪ul̪ˠ/^[1]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish dul (“snare, trap”).

Noun

dul m (genitive singular dula, plural dulachan)

loop, noose, link

Synonyms

lùb

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutation of *dul*
radical	lenition
dul	dhul

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

From Old Irish dul (“going, to go”), verbal noun of téit.

Noun

dul m (genitive singular dul, no plural)

Ross-shire, Sutherland, East Inverness-shire, and Deeside form of dol

References

^ Ternes, Elmar (1973) The phonemic analysis of Scottish Gaelic: based on the dialect of Applecross, Ross-shire, Hamburg: Helmut Buske

Sumerian

Romanization

dul

romanization of 𒌋𒌆 (dul)

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish طول (dul), from Proto-Turkic *tul.^[1]^[2] Cognate with Bashkir тол (tol), Old Turkic 𐱄𐰆𐰟 (tul).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈduɫ/
Hyphenation: dul
Audio: (file)

Noun

dul (definite accusative dulu, plural dullar)

widow, widower
divorcee

Declension

Declension of dul

	singular	plural
nominative	dul	dullar
definite accusative	dulu	dulları
dative	dula	dullara
locative	dulda	dullarda
ablative	duldan	dullardan
genitive	dulun	dulların

Predicative forms
	singular	plural
1st singular	dulum	dullarım
2nd singular	dulsun	dullarsın
3rd singular	dul duldur	dullar dullardır
1st plural	duluz	dullarız
2nd plural	dulsunuz	dullarsınız
3rd plural	dullar	dullardır

Derived terms

dul kalmak
dulavrat otu
karadul

Descendants

→ Laz: ტული (ťuli)

References

^ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tu:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 490
^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*dul(k)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

West Flemish

Adjective

dul

angry
Synonyms: kwoad, vys

[1] Dillon, Myles, Donncha Ó Cróinín (1961) Teach Yourself Irish, Sevenoaks, England: Hodder and Stoughton, →ISBN, page 224

[2] Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947) The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford: A Phonetic Study, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, section 250, page 51

[3] Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000) Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne [The Irish of Corkaguiny] (in Irish), Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann [Linguistics Institute of Ireland], →ISBN, section 546, page 301

[4] Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977) Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 221, page 115

[5] Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 180, page 91

[6] Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 dul”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

[7] “dul”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy

[8] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 327

[9] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 257

[10] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dal‑n-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 88

[11] Ternes, Elmar (1973) The phonemic analysis of Scottish Gaelic: based on the dialect of Applecross, Ross-shire, Hamburg: Helmut Buske

[12] Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tu:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 490

[13] Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*dul(k)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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[2]

[3]

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[6]

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[2]

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[2]

Afar

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Aromanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Synonyms

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Czech

Pronunciation

Participle

Hamer-Banna

Pronunciation

Ideophone

References

Icelandic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Related terms

Irish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Verb

Conjugation

Mutation

References

Further reading

North Wahgi

Noun

Further reading

Old Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Related terms

Descendants

Mutation

References

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

Mutation

Etymology 2

Noun

References

Further reading

Sumerian

Romanization

Turkish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

References