estre
See also: -estre
English
Etymology
From Old French estre (“state, plan”). Cognate with some forms of be (including is and are).
Noun
estre (plural estres)
- (archaic or obsolete) The indoor layout or plan of a castle.
- 1954, C. S. Lewis, chapter 15, in The Horse and His Boy, page 239:
- "And tomorrow, Cor," he added, "shalt come over all the castle with me and see the estres and mark all its strength and weakness: for it will be thine to guard when I'm gone."
See also
References
- “estre”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
Anagrams
- Ester, Reset, Steer, Trees, ester, re-est., reest, reset, retes, seter, steer, stere, teers, teres, terse, trees
Franco-Provençal
Verb
estre (Old Beaujolais, Old Dauphinois, Old Lyonnais)
- alternative form of étre (“to be”)
References
- estre in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “esse”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 3: D–F, page 246
French
Alternative forms
- eſtre
Verb
estre
- archaic spelling of être
Conjugation
Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | estre | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | estant /e.tɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | esté /e.te/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | suis /sɥi/ |
es /ɛ/ |
est /ɛ/ |
sommes /sɔm/ |
estes /ɛt/ |
sont /sɔ̃/ |
| imperfect | estois /e.tɛ/ |
estois /e.tɛ/ |
estoit /e.tɛ/ |
estions /e.tjɔ̃/ |
estiez /e.tje/ |
estoient /e.tɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | fus /fy/ |
fus /fy/ |
fut /fy/ |
fumes /fym/ |
fustes /fyt/ |
furent /fyʁ/ | |
| future | seroi /sə.ʁe/ |
seras /sə.ʁa/ |
sera /sə.ʁa/ |
serons /sə.ʁɔ̃/ |
serez /sə.ʁe/ |
seront /sə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | serois /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serois /sə.ʁɛ/ |
seroit /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serions /sə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
seriez /sə.ʁje/ |
seroient /sə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | sois /swa/ |
sois /swa/ |
soit /swa/ |
soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ |
soyez /swa.je/ |
soient /swa/ |
| imperfect2 | fusse /fys/ |
fusses /fys/ |
fust /fy/ |
fussions /fy.sjɔ̃/ |
fussiez /fy.sje/ |
fussent /fys/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | sois /swa/ |
— | soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ |
soyez /swa.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Anagrams
Galician
Verb
estre
- inflection of estrar:
- first/third-person singular present subjunctive
- third-person singular imperative
Hungarian
Etymology
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɛʃtrɛ]
- Hyphenation: est‧re
Noun
estre
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French estre.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛːtɾə/
Verb
estre
- to be
Conjugation
- Like Modern French être, highly irregular.
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of estre
| infinitive | simple | estre | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | estant | |||||
| compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | esté | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | suis, suys, sui | es | est | sommes | estes | sont |
| imperfect | estois, estoys | estois, estoys | estoit, estoyt | estions | estiez | estoyent, estoient | |
| past historic | fus | fus | fut | fumes | fustes | furent | |
| future | seroi | seras | sera | serons | serez | seront | |
| conditional | serois, seroys | serois, seroys | seroit, seroyt | serions | seriez | seroient, seroyent | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | sois, soys | sois, soys | soit, soyt | soyons | soyez | soyent, soient |
| imperfect | fusse | fusses | fust | fussions | fussiez | fussent | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | sois, soys | — | soyons | soyez | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
| 2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). | |||||||
Noun
estre m (plural estres)
- being (creature, entity)
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.
Descendants
Old French
FWOTD – 10 July 2013
Etymology
Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Classical Latin esse. Unrelated to ester < stāre (“stand”) but progressively blended with it.
Pronunciation
Verb
estre
- to be
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | estre | avoir esté | |||||
| gerund | en estant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
| present participle | estant | ||||||
| past participle | esté | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | sui | es, ies | est | somes, esmes | estes | sont |
| imperfect | iere, ere, estoie, esteie | ieres, eres, estoies, esteies | iere, iereṭ, ere, ereṭ, iert, ert, estoit, esteit | eriiens, erions, estiiens, estiens | eriiez, estiiez, estiez | ierent, erent, estoient, esteient | |
| preterite | fui | fus | fu | fumes | fustes | furent | |
| future | ier, er, serai, estrai | iers, ers, seras, estras | iert, ert, sera, estra | iermes, ermes, serons, estrons | iertes, ertes, seroiz, sereiz, serez, estroiz, estreiz, estrez | ierent, erent, seront, estront | |
| conditional | seroie, sereie, estroie, estreie | seroies, sereies, estroies, estreies | seroit, sereit, estroit, estreit | seriiens, seriens, estriiens, estriens | seriiez, seriez, estriiez, estriez | seroient, sereient, estroient, estreient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | soie | soies | soit | soiiens, soions | soiiez | soient |
| imperfect | fusse | fusses | fust | fussons, fussiens | fussoiz, fussez, fussiez | fussent | |
| compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | soies | — | soiiens, soions | soiiez | — | ||
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.
Descendants
(In many if not all cases blended with ester.)