Egyptian
Etymology
Speculatively, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʕal-; as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. If so, perhaps compare Hebrew עָלָה (ʕālā, “to ascend, rise, go up”), Arabic عَلِيَ (ʕaliya, “to be high, exalted”), عَلَى (ʕalā, “to climb”), Tarifit aři (“to climb, ascend”), Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰⵍⵢ (aly, “to climb, go up”)
Pronunciation
Verb
3-lit.
- (intransitive) to ascend (+ r: to (a place or (less often) person); + n to (a person or (less often) place)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
- (intransitive, of royal dignity) to arise [18th Dynasty]
- (intransitive, of a wound) to extend, to penetrate (+ n: to (bone, etc.))
- (intransitive, with n, m, or ḫr) to approach, to come to (someone or something)
- (transitive) to approach, to come to (someone or something) [Greco-Roman Period]
- (transitive) to take up (someone or something) to oneself, to lift [Greco-Roman Period]
Inflection
Conjugation of jꜥr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥr, geminated stem: jꜥrr
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
jꜥr
|
jꜥrw, jꜥr
|
jꜥrt
|
jꜥr
|
jꜥr
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jꜥr
|
ḥr jꜥr
|
m jꜥr
|
r jꜥr
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
jꜥr.n
|
consecutive
|
jꜥr.jn
|
| terminative
|
jꜥrt
|
| perfective3
|
jꜥr
|
obligative1
|
jꜥr.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
jꜥr
|
| prospective3
|
jꜥr
|
potentialis1
|
jꜥr.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
jꜥr
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jꜥr.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
jꜥr
|
jꜥr
|
jꜥr, jꜥrw5, jꜥry5
|
| imperfective
|
jꜥr, jꜥry, jꜥrw5
|
jꜥr, jꜥrj6, jꜥry6
|
jꜥr, jꜥrw5
|
| prospective
|
jꜥr, jꜥrtj7
|
jꜥrtj4, jꜥrt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| jꜥr
|
jꜥ
|
jꜥ
|
ꜥr
|
ꜥr
|
ꜥr
|
|
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[since the Old Kingdom]
|
[since the New Kingdom]
|
[since the New Kingdom]
|
|
|
|
|
most common form since the New Kingdom
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: ꜥl, ꜥr
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏⲓ (alēi), ⲱⲗⲓ (ōli)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏ (alē), ⲱⲗ (ōl)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉ (ale), ⲱⲗ (ōl)
References
- “jꜥr (lemma ID 21770)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 41.14–41.25
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 10–11, 45