Egyptian
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈjiːwit/ → /ˈjiːjiʔ/ → /ˈʔiːʔə/ → /ʔiːʔ/
Verb
anom.
- (intransitive) to arrive, to come to a certain place (+ r or n: to (a place, person, thing, etc.); + ḫr: to (someone of higher status); + m: from (a place), into (something), by means of (a vehicle), as (a role); + ḥr: to, upon (something), from, for the sake of; + m-dj: from (someone))
- (intransitive) to come here, to move from further to nearby
- (intransitive) to return, to come back
- jwj m ḥtp
- to return safely or fortunately, to come (back) in peace
- (intransitive, of future events, time, abstractions, etc.) to come to pass or come to be, to come, to arrive
- (intransitive, with r and following infinitive) to come (to do something)
Usage notes
By Middle Egyptian, this verb and its synonym jj were apparently conflated into one, with some inflections of the verb using one stem and some using the other.
Inflection
Conjugation of jwj (anomalous / anom.) — base stem: j, jj, jw, geminated stem: jw, jww
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
jt, jjt, jwt
|
jw
|
jwt
|
mj, jj, jw
|
mj, my, jj, jw
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jj5, jw5
|
ḥr jt, ḥr jjt, ḥr jwt
|
m jt, m jjt, m jwt
|
r jt, r jjt, r jwt
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
jj.n, jw.n
|
consecutive
|
jw.jn, jj.jn
|
| terminative
|
jt, jyt, jjt, jwt
|
| perfective3
|
jw, jj
|
obligative1
|
jw.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
jw, jj, jy
|
| prospective3
|
jw, jwy
|
potentialis1
|
jw.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
jwt
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
j.n, jj.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
j
|
jj, jy
|
—
|
| imperfective
|
jw, jww, jyw
|
jwy
|
—
|
| prospective
|
—
|
jwtj4, jwt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Third-person masculine statives of this verb often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jwj
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|
|
|
|
|
| jwj
|
jwj
|
jwj
|
jwj
|
jwj
|
|
|
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
|
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
Derived terms
Descendants
See the descendants given at jj, with which this word was conflated by Middle Egyptian times.
See also
Etymology 2
Compare jw (“to sever, to cut off”).
Pronunciation
Verb
3ae inf.
- (transitive) to leave boatless, to maroon, to strand
- (transitive, with r) to bar from, to exclude from (a boat) [22nd Dynasty]
- (intransitive) to be(come) boatless, stranded
Inflection
Conjugation of jwj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: jw
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
jwt, jwj
|
jww, jw
|
jwt, jwwt, jwyt
|
jw
|
jw, jwy
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
jw8
|
ḥr jwt, ḥr jwj
|
m jwt, m jwj
|
r jwt, r jwj
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jw.n
|
jww, jw, jwy
|
consecutive
|
jw.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
jwt, jwyt
|
| perfective3
|
jw
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
jw.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
jw, jwy
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
jww, jw, jwy
|
jww, jw, jwy
|
potentialis1
|
jw.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
jw, jwy
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
jw.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
jww1, jwy, jw
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jw
|
jwy, jw
|
| imperfective
|
jw, jwy, jww5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
jw, jwj6, jwy6
|
jw, jww5
|
| prospective
|
jww1, jwy, jw, jwtj7
|
—
|
jwwtj1 4, jwtj4, jwt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
8 Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jwj
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| jwj
|
jwy
|
jwy
|
jwj
|
jwj
|
jwj
|
jwj
|
| [Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[since the Middle Kingdom]
|
[since the Middle Kingdom]
|
[Middle Kingdom]
|
[22nd Dynasty]
|
References
- “jwi̯ (lemma ID 21930)” and “jwi̯ (lemma ID 856211)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 44.1–45.6, 47.14–47.15
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 11–12
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 159, 276, 455.