trudno

Old Polish

Etymology

From trudny +‎ -o. First attested in the beginning of the 15th century.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /trudnɔ/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /trudnɔ/

Adverb

trudno

  1. (attested in Lesser Poland) with difficulty
  2. cruelly, mercilessly
    Synonym: trudnie
adjectives
adverbs
  • trudnie
nouns
verbs

Descendants

  • Polish: trudno
  • Silesian: trudno

References

  • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “trudno”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny +‎ -o. Compare Russian тру́дно (trúdno).

Pronunciation

 
  • IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -udnɔ
  • Syllabification: trud‧no

Adverb

trudno (comparative trudniej, superlative najtrudniej)

  1. hard, with difficulty [with dative ‘for whom’ and o (+ accusative) ‘to come by what/whom’]
    Synonyms: ciężko, niełatwo, opornie, (dialectal) potrudno, (dialectal) z potrudna
    Antonyms: łatwo, nietrudno
    Chlorek ołowiu jest trudno rozpuszczalny w wodzie.Lead chloride is poorly soluble in water.
    Trudno powiedzieć.It's hard to say.
    Naprawdę trudno tu o pracę.It's really hard to get a job here.

Interjection

trudno

  1. (often with no) oh well, too bad; expresses acceptance of something unpleasant
    Synonym: cóż
    No trudno, będę musiała poprawić ten sprawdzian.Oh well, I'll have to retake that exam.

Derived terms

interjections
  • trudno i darmo
verbs

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trudno is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 22 times in scientific texts, 5 times in news, 23 times in essays, 25 times in fiction, and 46 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 121 times, making it the 498th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

References

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “trudno”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 610

Further reading

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From trȗd.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /trûːdno/
  • Hyphenation: trud‧no

Adverb

trȗdno (Cyrillic spelling тру̑дно)

  1. pregnantly

References

  • trudno”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny +‎ -o.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -udnɔ
  • Syllabification: trud‧no

Adverb

trudno

  1. with difficulty

Further reading