θυμός
See also: θύμος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *tʰūmós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”). Cognates include Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá), Lithuanian dūmas, Latin fūmus, Old Church Slavonic дꙑмъ (dymŭ) and Albanian tym.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /tʰyː.mós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /tʰyˈmos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /θyˈmos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /θyˈmos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /θiˈmos/
Noun
θῡμός • (thūmós) m (genitive θῡμοῦ); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, Koine)
- soul, as the seat of emotion, feeling, and thought
- soul, life, breath
- soul, heart
- desire, will
- temper, passion, disposition
- anger, rage, wrath
- heart, love
- thought, mind
Inflection
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ θῡμός ho thūmós |
τὼ θῡμώ tṑ thūmṓ |
οἱ θῡμοί hoi thūmoí | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ θῡμοῦ toû thūmoû |
τοῖν θῡμοῖν toîn thūmoîn |
τῶν θῡμῶν tôn thūmôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ θῡμῷ tōî thūmōî |
τοῖν θῡμοῖν toîn thūmoîn |
τοῖς θῡμοῖς toîs thūmoîs | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν θῡμόν tòn thūmón |
τὼ θῡμώ tṑ thūmṓ |
τοὺς θῡμούς toùs thūmoús | ||||||||||
| Vocative | θῡμέ thūmé |
θῡμώ thūmṓ |
θῡμοί thūmoí | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | θῡμός thūmós |
θῡμώ thūmṓ |
θῡμοί thūmoí | ||||||||||
| Genitive | θῡμοῦ / θῡμοῖο / θῡμόο thūmoû / thūmoîo / thūmóo |
θῡμοῖν / θῡμοῖῐν thūmoî(ĭ)n |
θῡμῶν thūmôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | θῡμῷ thūmōî |
θῡμοῖν / θῡμοῖῐν thūmoî(ĭ)n |
θῡμοῖς / θῡμοῖσῐ / θῡμοῖσῐν thūmoîs / thūmoîsĭ(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | θῡμόν thūmón |
θῡμώ thūmṓ |
θῡμούς thūmoús | ||||||||||
| Vocative | θῡμέ thūmé |
θῡμώ thūmṓ |
θῡμοί thūmoí | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- ἀγρῐόθῡμος (agrĭóthūmos)
- ἀθῡμία (athūmía)
- ἀπροθῡμία (aprothūmía)
- αὐτοεπιθῡμία (autoepithūmía)
- βαρυθῡμία (baruthūmía)
- γλυκυθῡμία (glukuthūmía)
- Δᾰμᾰσῐ́θῡμος (Dămăsĭ́thūmos)
- διθῡμία (dithūmía)
- δυσθῡμία (dusthūmía)
- ἐκθῡμία (ekthūmía)
- ἐνθῡμέομαι (enthūméomai)
- ἐνθῡμία (enthūmía)
- ἐπιθῡμία (epithūmía)
- εὐθῡμία (euthūmía)
- θῡμαλγής (thūmalgḗs)
- Θῡμοίτης (Thūmoítēs)
- θῡμολέων (thūmoléōn)
- κᾰκόθῡμος (kăkóthūmos)
- μακροθῡμία (makrothūmía)
- μικροθῡμία (mikrothūmía)
- ὀβρῐμόθῡμος (obrĭmóthūmos)
- ὀξύθῡμος (oxúthūmos)
- προεπιθῡμία (proepithūmía)
- προθῡμία (prothūmía)
- ῥᾴθῡμος (rhāíthūmos)
Descendants
- Greek: θυμός (thymós)
- →? Albanian: tym
- → English: alexithymia, arithmothymia, cyclothymia, dysthymia, hyperthymia, hypothymia, isothymia, megalothymia, schizothymia
- → Russian: алекситими́я (aleksitimíja), гипертими́я (gipertimíja), гипотими́я (gipotimíja), дистими́я (distimíja), паратими́я (paratimíja), циклотими́я (ciklotimíja), шизотими́я (šizotimíja)
References
- “θυμός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “θυμός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “θυμός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- θυμός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “θυμός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2372 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- aggravation idem, page 18.
- anger idem, page 29.
- bosom idem, page 90.
- bravery idem, page 94.
- breast idem, page 96.
- courage idem, page 178.
- fury idem, page 351.
- grit idem, page 374.
- heart idem, page 392.
- heat idem, page 392.
- high spirit idem, page 399.
- indignation idem, page 433.
- ire idem, page 459.
- life idem, page 489.
- mettle idem, page 527.
- mind idem, page 530.
- nerve idem, page 556.
- passion idem, page 597.
- rage idem, page 668.
- reins idem, page 688.
- soul idem, page 796.
- spirit idem, page 802.
- stamina idem, page 810.
- vitality idem, page 955.
- warmth idem, page 964.
- wrath idem, page 992.
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek θυμός (thumós), from Proto-Hellenic *tʰūmós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /θiˈmos/
Noun
θυμός • (thymós) m (plural θυμοί)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | θυμός (thymós) | θυμοί (thymoí) |
| genitive | θυμού (thymoú) | θυμών (thymón) |
| accusative | θυμό (thymó) | θυμούς (thymoús) |
| vocative | θυμέ (thymé) | θυμοί (thymoí) |
Synonyms
- οργή f (orgí)
Further reading
- θυμός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language