Egyptian
Etymology
Compare Arabic حَبَّسَ (ḥabbasa), Hebrew חָבַשׁ (ḥāḇáš).
Pronunciation
- (verb): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈħaːbas/ → /ˈħaːbas/ → /ˈħaːbəs/ → /ˈħoːβəs/
- (noun): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ħaˈbas/ → /ħaˈbas/ → /ħəˈbas/ → /ħəˈβas/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to clothe (a person or body part) (+ m: in, with (a garment)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
- (intransitive) to be(come) clothed (+ m: in, with (a garment))
- (transitive, uncommon) to don, to put on (a garment) [Middle Kingdom literature and New Kingdom]
- (transitive) to hide, to cover up (a body part)
- (transitive) to cover up (an object) with cloth, to cover or wrap (+ m: in, with (a cloth)) [since the Medical papyri]
- (transitive) to cover over, to cover (a place) (+ m: in, with (a substance: sand, rocks, floodwater, etc.; also, a crowd of people))
- (transitive, of the sky) to cover (the earth)
- (transitive) to expand (a construction such as a temple or city) with further surrounding constructions (+ m: with (an annex, a defensive wall, etc.))
- (transitive) to furnish (a house)
- (transitive, of the king) to shield, to protect (Egypt) [20th Dynasty]
- (transitive, with m) to bathe (something) in (light) [Greco-Roman Period]
- (transitive) to keep (names, deeds, documents, etc.) secret
Inflection
Conjugation of ḥbs (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḥbs, geminated stem: ḥbss
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbsw, ḥbs
|
ḥbst
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ḥbs
|
ḥr ḥbs
|
m ḥbs
|
r ḥbs
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḥbs.n
|
ḥbsw, ḥbs
|
consecutive
|
ḥbs.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
ḥbst
|
| perfective3
|
ḥbs
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
ḥbs.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
ḥbs
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbss
|
potentialis1
|
ḥbs.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
ḥbs
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ḥbs.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ḥbs
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs, ḥbsw5, ḥbsy5
|
| imperfective
|
ḥbs, ḥbsy, ḥbsw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḥbs, ḥbsj6, ḥbsy6
|
ḥbs, ḥbsw5
|
| prospective
|
ḥbs, ḥbstj7
|
—
|
ḥbstj4, ḥbst4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥbs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
| [Pyramid Texts to Middle Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[New Kingdom]
|
[late New Kingdom]
|
|
|
|
|
|
in hieratic
|
in hieratic
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥbs
|
|
|
|
|
| ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
ḥbs
|
| [since the New Kingdom]
|
[since the New Kingdom]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
[Greco-Roman Period]
|
| abbreviation
|
abbreviation
|
abbreviation
|
abbreviation
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: ḥbs
- Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲱⲃⲥ (hōbs)
- Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲱⲃⲥ (hōbs), ϩⲱⲡⲥ (hōps)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲱⲃⲥ (hōbs), ϩⲱϥⲉⲥ (hōfes)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲱⲃⲥ (hōbs)
- Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲱⲃⲥ (hōbs)
Noun
m
- garment, piece of clothing [since the Pyramid Texts]
- (of the dead) mummy wrappings
- (Late Egyptian) horsecloth, caparison
- (Late Egyptian) covering for a chariot
- straining cloth, cloth through which a substance is strained, pressed, or sieved [since the Medical papyri]
- bandage, cloth used for bandaging [Medical papyri]
- cloth as a material, as used for wicks, sails, tents, bandages, etc.
Inflection
Declension of ḥbs (masculine)
| singular
|
ḥbs
|
| dual
|
ḥbswj
|
| plural
|
ḥbsw
|
See under the verb above.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: ḥbs
- Akhmimic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ (hboos)
- Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲥ (hbos), ϩⲃⲱⲥ (hbōs)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ϩⲃⲁⲥ (hbas)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ (hboos), ϩⲃⲁⲥ (hbas)
- Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ (hboos), ϩⲃⲟⲥ (hbos), ϩⲃⲱⲥ (hbōs)
References
- “ḥbs (lemma ID 103740)” and “ḥbs (lemma ID 103750)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 64.3–66.12
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 167
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 198.