兢

See also: 克

兢	U+5162, 兢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5162

← 兡
[U+5161]

CJK Unified Ideographs

兣 →
[U+5163]

Translingual

Han character

兢 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+12, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十山十口山 (JUJRU), four-corner 4421₆, composition ⿰克克)

Derived characters

𣋢, 𡕁

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 125, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1395
Dae Jaweon: page 266, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 274, character 4
Unihan data for U+5162

Chinese

simp. and trad.		兢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 兢
Oracle bone script j20798 Bronze inscriptions b13505 Small seal script s06206 Transcribed ancient scripts L10633 L10634
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
兢	*kɯŋ
殑	ɡɯŋ, ɡɯŋʔ, *ɡɯŋs

Etymology

Possibly the vocalic variant of 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to alarm”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 謹 (OC *kɯnʔ, “to be careful; to be attentive”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīng (jing¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹
Eastern Min (BUC): gĭng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ging¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): keng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kêng¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jing
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹
  - Yale: jīng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
  - Palladius: цзин (czin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ging¹
  - Yale: gīng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ging¹
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ging
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ging¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng
  - Tâi-lô: king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kefng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kêng¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kheng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰeŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: king

Rime
Character	兢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居陵切
Baxter	king
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiŋ/
Li Rong	/kiəŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭəŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)əŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	兢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīng
Middle Chinese	‹ king ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)əŋ/
English	cautious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	兢
Reading #	1/1
No.	6845
Phonetic component
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kɯŋ/

Definitions

兢

(ideophonic) fearful; cautious

Compounds

兢兢
兢兢乾乾 / 兢兢干干
兢兢以強 / 兢兢以强
兢兢戰戰 / 兢兢战战
兢兢業業 / 兢兢业业 (jīngjīngyèyè)
兢兢翼翼
兢慎
兢業戰兢兢 / 兢业战兢兢
凌兢
戰兢 / 战兢
戰兢兢 / 战兢兢
戰戰兢兢 / 战战兢兢 (zhànzhànjīngjīng)
朝兢夕惕
業業兢兢 / 业业兢兢

References

“兢”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “兢”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 112.

Japanese

Kanji

兢

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)
Kun: おそれる (osoreru)、つつしむ (tsutsushimu)

Korean

Hanja

兢 (eum 긍 (geung))

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Vietnamese

Han character

兢: Hán Nôm readings: cạnh, ganh, căng, giằng

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