土地

Chinese

	earth; dust; rural earth; dust; rural; uncouth; uncultured; plebeian	earth; ground; field earth; ground; field; place; land; (subor. part. adverbial); ‑ly
trad. (土地)	土	地
simp. ^#(土地)	土	地
anagram	地土

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tǔdì

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тўди (twdi, II-III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou² dei⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hu² ei⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thú-thi
Eastern Min (BUC): tù-dê
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thó͘-tōe / thó͘-tē

(Teochew, Peng'im): tou² di⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵thu-di₆

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǔdì
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǔdì
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu³-ti⁴
  - Yale: tǔ-dì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuudih
  - Palladius: туди (tudi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тўди (twdi, II-III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵¹ ti⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tou² dei⁶
  - Yale: tóu deih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou² dei⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou² déi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³⁵ tei̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hu² ei⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵ ei³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú-thi
  - Hakka Romanization System: tu^ˋ ti
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tu³ ti⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹ tʰi⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tù-dê
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³⁻²¹ ^(t-)lɛi²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘-tōe
  - Tâi-lô: thóo-tuē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tofdoe
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tue²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tue³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tue⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘-tē
  - Tâi-lô: thóo-tē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tofde
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tou² di⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu tī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ ti¹¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵thu-di₆
  - MiniDict: thu^去 di^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²thu-di₃
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³³ di⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: thuX dijH

Rime
Character	土	地
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	他魯切	徒四切
Baxter	thuX	dijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuo^X/	/diɪ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuo^X/	/di^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰo^X/	/djɪ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɔ^X/	/di^H/
Li Rong	/tʰo^X/	/di^H/
Wang Li	/tʰu^X/	/di^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰuo^X/	/dʱi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tǔ	dì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou²	dei⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ [l]ˤej-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ l'els/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	土	地
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tǔ	dì
Middle Chinese	‹ thu^X ›	‹ dij^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁaʔ/	/*[l]ˁej-s/
English	earth	earth, ground
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	土	地
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	12499	14808
Phonetic component	土	也
Rime group	魚	歌
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	土	地
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/	/*l'els/

Noun

土地

ground; soil; land
土地制度 ― tǔdì zhìdù ― land system

土地政策 ― tǔdì zhèngcè ― land policy

土地私有制度 ― tǔdì sīyǒu zhìdù ― system of private land ownership

原住民土地所有權 [MSC, trad.]
原住民土地所有权 [MSC, simp.]
yuánzhùmín tǔdì suǒyǒuquán [Pinyin]
native title

霸佔土地／霸占土地 ― bàzhàn tǔdì ― to occupy land
- 審其土地之宜。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  审其土地之宜。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE
  Shěn qí tǔdì zhī yí. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
territory

Synonyms

(land): 土 (tǔ)
(territory):

edit

區宇 / 区宇 (qūyǔ) (literary)
國土 / 国土 (guótǔ) (of a country)
國界 / 国界 (guójiè) (national boundary)
境界 (jìngjiè)
幅員 / 幅员 (fúyuán)
提封 (tífēng) (literary)
版圖 / 版图 (bǎntú)
版籍 (bǎnjí) (literary)
疆土 (jiāngtǔ) (of a country)
疆域 (jiāngyù)
疆理 (jiānglǐ) (literary)
疆界 (jiāngjiè)
領土 / 领土 (lǐngtǔ)
領地 / 领地 (lǐngdì)

Derived terms

土地增值稅 / 土地增值税
土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
土地稅 / 土地税 (tǔdìshuì)
土地證 / 土地证
土地退化 (tǔdì tuìhuà)
土改 (tǔgǎi)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Tǔdi, Tǔdì

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ ˙ㄉㄧ, ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou² dei^6-2

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hu² ei^5*
Eastern Min (BUC): Tū-dê
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵thu-di

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Tǔdi
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ˙ㄉㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Tǔdi̊
  - Wade–Giles: Tʻu³-ti⁵
  - Yale: Tǔ-di
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tuu.di
  - Palladius: Туди (Tudi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴ d̥i⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Tǔdì
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Tǔdì
  - Wade–Giles: Tʻu³-ti⁴
  - Yale: Tǔ-dì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tuudih
  - Palladius: Туди (Tudi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tou² dei^6-2
  - Yale: tóu déi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou² dei^6-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou² déi^6-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³⁵ tei̯²²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hu² ei^5*
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵ ei³²⁻³²⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Tū-dê
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³³⁻⁵⁵ ^(t-)lɛi²⁴²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵thu-di
  - MiniDict: thu^去 di
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²thu-di
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³³ di⁴⁴/

Proper noun

土地

Alternative name for 土地公 (Tǔdìgōng, “Tudigong”).

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 土地公 (“Tudigong”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		福德正神, 土地, 土地神
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	土地公
	Ulanhot	土地老
	Tongliao	土地老
	Chifeng	土地爺
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	土地老
	Harbin	土地老兒
	Malaysia	大伯公
	Singapore	土地公, 大伯公
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	土地爺爺, 土地
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	土老爺兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	土地爺
	Wanrong	土地爺
	Xuzhou	土地老爺
Lanyin Mandarin	Bayanhot	土地爺
	Lanzhou	土主爺
	Ürümqi	土地爺
Southwestern Mandarin	Liuzhou	社王公
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	土地爺爺, 土地公公
Cantonese	Guangzhou	土地, 土地公
Cantonese	Hong Kong	土地, 土地公
Gan	Nanchang	土地菩薩
Gan	Pingxiang	土地, 土地公公
Hakka	Meixian	伯公, 土地伯公, 土神
	Xingning	土地伯公
	Yudu	土地公公
	Ruijin	土地老太
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	伯公, 土地伯公
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	伯公, 土地伯公
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	伯公, 土地伯公
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	伯公, 土地伯公
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	伯公, 土地伯公
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	伯公, 土地伯公
Huizhou	Jixi	土地老爺, 土地菩薩
Jin	Taiyuan	土地爺
	Taibus (Baochang)	土地爺
	Linhe	土地爺
	Jining	土地爺
	Hohhot	土地爺
	Baotou	土地爺
	Dongsheng	土地爺
	Haibowan	土神爺
Northern Min	Jian'ou	土地公
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	土地公
Southern Min	Xiamen	土地公, 大伯公
	Quanzhou	土地公
	Zhangzhou	土地公, 大伯公
	Yunxiao	伯公
	Taipei	土地公
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	土地公
	Kaohsiung	土地公
	Yilan	土地公
	Changhua (Lukang)	土地公
	Taichung	土地公
	Tainan	土地公, 福德正神
	Hsinchu	土地公
	Kinmen	土地公
	Penghu (Magong)	土地公
	Penang (Hokkien)	大伯公
	Singapore (Hokkien)	大伯公, 土地公
	Manila (Hokkien)	土地公, 福德正神
	Longyan	土地公
	Shantou	地主爺
	Shantou (Chenghai)	地主爺, 土地爺伯, 伯公
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	土地伯, 伯公
	Nan'ao (Houzhai)	地主爺, 土地爺伯, 伯公
	Nan'ao (Yun'ao)	地主公
	Jieyang	伯公, 福德老爺
	Haifeng	土地公
	Leizhou	土地公
	Haikou	土地公
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	土地公, 土地
Wu	Shanghai	土地, 土地菩薩
Wu	Wenzhou	土地爺
Xiang	Changsha	土地老倌

Derived terms

土地廟 / 土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
土	地
と Grade: 1	ち Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) とち [tòchí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [to̞t͡ɕi]

Noun

土(と)地(ち) • (tochi)

ground; land
area; region

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
土	地

Noun

土地 • (toji) (hangeul 토지)

hanja form^? of 토지 (“land; ground”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
土	地

Adjective

土地

chữ Hán form of thổ địa

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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