墾

See also: 垦

墾	U+58BE, 墾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58BE

← 墽
[U+58BD]

CJK Unified Ideographs

墿 →
[U+58BF]

Translingual

Han character

墾 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 月女土 (BVG), four-corner 2710₄, composition ⿱貇土)

Derived characters

𡓚𮒰

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5509
Dae Jaweon: page 479, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 492, character 4
Unihan data for U+58BE

Chinese

trad.		墾
simp.		垦^*
alternative forms		𡍭𡓚

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	kʰrɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	kʰɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	ɡlɯːnʔ, kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	kɯːn, kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰɯːnʔ): semantic 土 (“earth/soil”) + phonetic 貇. It expresses the meaning of clearing and opening up land.^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kěn (ken³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): han²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khién

(Hailu, HRS): kien^ˊ

(Meixian, Guangdong): kên³
Eastern Min (BUC): kōng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kyng³ / koeng³ / king³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khún

(Teochew, Peng'im): keng² / kiang²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻên³
  - Yale: kěn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
  - Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: han²
  - Yale: hán
  - Cantonese Pinyin: han²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hen²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khién
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰien²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kên³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɛn³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kṳ̂ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ³³²/
- (Jiangkou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: king³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiŋ³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khún
  - Tâi-lô: khún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quon
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: keng² / kiang²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳ́ng / khiáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯŋ⁵²/, /kʰiaŋ⁵²/

Note:

keng2 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, Shantou;
kiang2 - Chaoyang, Jieyang.

Middle Chinese: khonX

Rime
Character	墾
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	康很切
Baxter	khonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰən^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰən^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰən^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰən^X/
Li Rong	/kʰən^X/
Wang Li	/kʰən^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰən^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kěn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	han²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	墾
Reading #	1/1
No.	3930
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯːnʔ/

Definitions

墾

to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland
to till; to plow

Compounds

墾地 / 垦地 (kěndì)
墾殖 / 垦殖 (kěnzhí)
墾田 / 垦田
墾荒 / 垦荒 (kěnhuāng)
墾闢 / 垦辟
屯墾 / 屯垦 (túnkěn)
山田燒墾 / 山田烧垦
排水開墾 / 排水开垦
濫墾 / 滥垦
耕墾 / 耕垦
農墾 / 农垦 (nóngkěn)
開墾 / 开垦 (kāikěn)
鹽墾 / 盐垦

References

“墾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “垦”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 230.

Japanese

Kanji

墾

(Jōyō kanji)

to till, to plough
to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kun: ひらく (hiraku, 墾く)、たがやす (tagayasu, 墾す)、はる (haru, 墾る)

Compounds

Derived terms

墾(こん)田(でん) (konden, “newly cultivated field”)
墾(こん)化(か) (konka, “cultivation of land”)
墾(こん)芸(げい) (kongei)
墾(こん)荒(こう) (konkō, “reclaiming land”)
墾(こん)耕(こう) (konkō, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)鑿(さく) (konsaku, “plowing land and digging ditches”)
墾(こん)種(しゅ) (konshu, “plowing and cultivation”)
墾(こん)除(じょ) (konjo, “plowing/cultivating land”)
墾壌(こん) (konjō, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)殖(しょく) (konshoku, “plowing and cultivation”)
墾(こん)植(しょく) (konshoku, “same as 墾殖”)
墾(こん)耨(じょく) (konjoku, “clearing and pruning of land”)
墾(こん)草(そう) (konsō, “cultivation of grassland”)
墾(こん)発(ぱつ) (konpatsu, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)辟(ぺき) (konpeki, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)闢(ぺき) (konpeki, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)民(みん) (konmin, “settler, colonist”)
墾(はり)道(みち) (harimichi, “newly-cleared road”)
開(かい)墾(こん) (kaikon, “cultivation, clearing”)
耕(こう)墾(こん) (kōkon, “plowing and cultivation”)
鉏墾
新(しん)墾(こん) (shinkon, “reclaiming, cultivation”)
償墾
備墾
闢(へき)墾(こん) (hekikon, “cultivation”)
翻墾

Korean

Hanja

墾 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

墾: Hán Nôm readings: khẩn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

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