艱
See also: 艰
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Translingual
Han character
艱 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 47532, composition ⿰𦰩艮)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 29
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600
- Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3171, character 5
- Unihan data for U+8271
Chinese
| trad. | 艱 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 艰 | |
| alternative forms | 𦫒 囏 𡆒 𮎚 𡿤 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 艱 | *krɯːn |
| 齦 | *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn |
| 眼 | *ŋrɯːnʔ |
| 蛝 | *ɡrɯːn |
| 限 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 硍 | *ɡrɯːnʔ |
| 豤 | *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn |
| 詪 | *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns |
| 根 | *kɯːn |
| 跟 | *kɯːn |
| 珢 | *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn |
| 艮 | *kɯːns |
| 茛 | *kɯːns |
| 墾 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 懇 | *kʰɯːnʔ |
| 垠 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn |
| 泿 | *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn |
| 痕 | *ɡɯːn |
| 拫 | *ɡɯːn |
| 鞎 | *ɡɯːn |
| 很 | *ɡɯːnʔ |
| 恨 | *ɡɯːns |
| 銀 | *ŋrɯn |
| 檭 | *ŋrɯn |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *krɯːn): semantic 𦰩 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân / kiên / kiân
- Eastern Min (BUC): găng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jian
- Wade–Giles: chien1
- Yale: jyān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
- Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaan1
- Yale: gāan
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaan1
- Guangdong Romanization: gan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiên
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ / gienˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 / gian1
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiân
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ / gianˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 / gian1
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯an²⁴/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Eastern Min
- Southern Min
Note:
- kan - literary;
- kian - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gang1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³/
- Middle Chinese: kean
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrə[r]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːn/
Definitions
艱
- difficult; hard
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hardship; suffering
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) disaster
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dangerous
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) parent's death
Compounds
- 丁內艱 / 丁内艰
- 丁外艱 / 丁外艰
- 丁艱 / 丁艰 (dīngjiān)
- 人艱不拆 / 人艰不拆 (rénjiānbùchāi)
- 備嘗艱苦 / 备尝艰苦
- 內艱 / 内艰
- 共體時艱 / 共体时艰
- 創業維艱 / 创业维艰
- 國困民艱 / 国困民艰
- 國步艱難 / 国步艰难
- 外艱 / 外艰
- 委重投艱 / 委重投艰
- 時艱 / 时艰 (shíjiān)
- 步履維艱 / 步履维艰 (bùlǚwéijiān)
- 歷盡艱辛 / 历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
- 歷盡艱險 / 历尽艰险
- 涉艱履危 / 涉艰履危
- 物力維艱 / 物力维艰
- 稼穡艱難 / 稼穑艰难
- 維艱 / 维艰 (wéijiān)
- 舉步維艱 / 举步维艰 (jǔbùwéijiān)
- 艱危 / 艰危 (jiānwēi)
- 艱困 / 艰困
- 艱子 / 艰子
- 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
- 艱深 / 艰深 (jiānshēn)
- 艱澀 / 艰涩 (jiānsè)
- 艱苦 / 艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
- 艱苦卓絕 / 艰苦卓绝 (jiānkǔzhuójué)
- 艱苦奮鬥 / 艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)
- 艱虞 / 艰虞
- 艱貞 / 艰贞
- 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
- 艱險 / 艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
- 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
- 艱難險阻 / 艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)
- 蒿目時艱 / 蒿目时艰
- 運拙時艱 / 运拙时艰
- 險阻艱難 / 险阻艰难
References
- “艱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
艱
Readings
Korean
Hanja
艱 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)
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Vietnamese
Han character
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