外人

Chinese

outside; in addition; foreign
outside; in addition; foreign; external
 
 man; person; people
trad. (外人) 外 人
simp. #(外人) 外 人

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 外 人
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 泰 (26) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) I III
Fanqie 五會切 如鄰切
Baxter ngwajH nyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋuɑiH/ /ȵiɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋʷɑiH/ /ȵin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋuɑiH/ /ȵʑjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋwajH/ /ȵin/
Li
Rong 		/ŋuɑiH/ /ȵiĕn/
Wang
Li 		/ŋuɑiH/ /ȵʑĭĕn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋuɑiH/ /ȵʑi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wèi rén
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ngoi6 jan4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 外 人
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wài rén
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngwajH › ‹ nyin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/ /*ni[ŋ]/
English outside (other) person

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 外 人
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 12606 10800
Phonetic
component 		外 人
Rime
group 		祭 眞
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		外 仁
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋʷaːds/ /*njin/

Noun

外人

  1. non-family member
  2. outsider; stranger
  3. foreigner

Synonyms

  • (stranger):
  • (foreigner):
Dialectal synonyms of 外國人 (“foreigner”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 夷, 夷人, 外夷, 四夷, 胡人
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 外國人, 外賓, 外人, 洋人
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 老外, 色糖
Taiwan 外國人, 老外
Harbin 外國人, 老外
Singapore 外國人
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 老外
Jinan 外國人, 老外, 洋人
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 外國人
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Wanrong 洋人
Xi'an 老外, 洋人
Yanqi 外國人
Xuzhou 老外
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 外國人, 夷人
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 洋人, 老外, 洋鬼子
Lanzhou 外國人
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 老外, 外國人, 洋人
Wuhan 外國人, 洋人
Guiyang 外國人, 洋人
Kunming 老外, 洋老咪
Guilin 外國人
Liuzhou 老外
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 外國人, 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Yangzhou 外國人, 老外
Cantonese Guangzhou 外國人, 老番
Hong Kong 外國人
Taishan 老外
Dongguan 番鬼佬, 鬼佬
Qinzhou 鬼佬, 外國佬, 番鬼佬
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 老番鬼
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 鬼佬
Singapore (Guangfu) 外國人
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 鬼佬
Móng Cái 外國人, 鬼佬
Yangon (Taishan) 紅毛鬼, 外國人
Mandalay (Taishan) 外國人
Gan Nanchang 外國人, 洋人
Pengze 外國佬
Lichuan 外國人, 洋人
Pingxiang 洋人
Hakka Meixian 外國人, 番人, 番仔, 番鬼
Yudu 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 外國人
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 外國人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 外國人
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 外國人
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 外國人
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 外國人
Huizhou Jixi 外國佬
Jin Taiyuan 外國人, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Xinzhou 外國人
Northern Min Jian'ou 外國人, 番仔
Eastern Min Fuzhou 番儂, 番囝, 番囝哥, 鬼佬
Southern Min Xiamen 外國儂, 番仔
Quanzhou 番仔
Hui'an 外國仔
Zhangzhou 番仔
Singapore (Hokkien) 外國儂
Manila (Hokkien) 外國儂
Shantou 外國儂, 番鬼, 番囝
Jieyang 番囝, 番儂, 番囝鬼
Singapore (Teochew) 外地儂, 外國儂
Leizhou 番邦儂
Puxian Min Putian 番囝
Xianyou 番囝
Central Min Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) 外國人
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 番鬼佬
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 外國人
Wu Shanghai 老外, 外國人, 外頭人, 洋人
Shanghai (Chongming) 外國人
Suzhou 外國人
Danyang 老外, 洋人
Hangzhou 外國佬兒
Wenzhou 番人
Jinhua 外國人, 外國佬, 洋鬼子兒
Xiang Changsha 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人子, 洋人
Loudi 洋人, 外國佬
Note Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory.

Antonyms

  • (antonym(s) of “non-family member”): 自己人 (zìjǐrén)

See also

Japanese

Kanji in this term
外 人
がい
Grade: 2 		じん
Grade: 1
on'yomi

Etymology 1

/ɡwaizin/ → /ɡaidʑin/

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 外人 (MC ngwajH nyin), literally “outside person, outsider”. First attested in the late 900s, with the sense developing from the late 1800s to refer to “foreigner”.[1]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) がいじん [gàíjíń] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ɡa̠iʑĩɴ]

Noun

外(がい)人(じん) • (gaijin) ←ぐゎいじん (gwaizin)?

  1. [from 900s] (obsolete) outsider; an estranged, unfamiliar person
    • 995-999: Fusōshū (volume 9; Gunsho Ruijū volume 8, page 578)
      口畔懸河渉漢深。春杉拭盞就花陰。外人傾耳猶添愛、況是堂中父母心。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • c. 13th century: Heike Monogatari (volume 1, page 123)
      しかるに其恩をわすれて、外人もなき所に兵具をとゝのへ、軍兵をかたらひをき、其營みの他は他事なし。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • c. 1349: Renri Hishō (page 38)
      但、外人など上手おほからむ座にては、聊か斟酌すべし
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1597: Ekirin Setsuyōshū (page 133)
      外人 (グワイジン)
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 314:
      Guaijin, グヮイジン(外人) Focano fito. (他の人) 他国の人、すなわち、土着の人ではない者.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1617: Gennabon Kagakushū (page 73)
      外人 (グワイジン) 他人也
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. [from 1875] (sometimes derogatory) alien, foreigner; especially foreigner in Japan
    • 1875: 文明論之概略 (page 18)
      譬えば頑固なる士民は外国人を悪むを以て常とせり。又学者流の人にても少しく見識ある者は外人の挙動を見て決して心酔するに非ず，之を悦ばざるの心は彼の頑民に異なることなしと云うも可なり。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  3. [date unknown] (Hawaii) A white person
Usage notes

Today 外人 (gaijin) often has a stereotyped derogatory connotation, and 外国人 (gaikokujin, literally “outside country person”) is used as the neutral term.

Synonyms
Derived terms
  • 外(がい)人(じん)売(う)り (gaijin uri)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)買(が)い (gaijin gai)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)記(き)者(しゃ) (gaijin kisha)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)さん (gaijin-san)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)選(せん)手(しゅ) (gaijin senshu)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)投(とう)資(し)家(か) (gaijin tōshika)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)部(ぶ)隊(たい) (gaijin butai)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)向(む)き (gaijin muki)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)向(む)け (gaijin muke)
  • 内(ない)外(がい)人(じん) (naigaijin)
  • 外(がい)人(じん)ハンター (gaijin hantā)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
外 人
うとき
Grade: 2 		ひと
Grade: 1
irregular kun'yomi

Adjective 疎い (utoi, “unacquainted”) in attributive form and 人 (hito, “person”).

Obsolete usage, reflecting unstandardized orthography with inflecting word endings omitted from the spellings.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ɯ̟to̞kʲi çito̞]

Noun

外(うとき)人(ひと) • (utoki hito) 

  1. (obsolete) an estranged or unfamiliar person
    • c. 11th century: Ruiju Myōgishō
      外人ウトキ人
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

References

  1. ^ “外人”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (1995) [1875] Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  • Hanawa, Hokiichi (1960) Gunsho Ruijū, volume 8, Tōkyō: Zoku Gunsho Ruijū Kanseikai
  • Kamei, Takashi (1944) [1617] Kagakushū: Gennabon, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten
  • Kidō, Saizō with Imoto Nōichi (1961) Iwanami Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Renga Ronshū, Haironshū (in Japanese), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  • Takagi, Ichinosuke with Masao Ozawa, Kaoru Atsumi, Haruhiko Kindaichi (1959) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 32: Heike Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  • Tasaka, Junko (1985) [995-999] Fusōshū: Kōhon to Sakuin, Fukuoka: Tōka Shobō
  • Fukkoku Nihon Koten Zenshū: Setsuyōshū, Tōkyō: Gendai Shichō Shinsha, 2006 [1597], →ISBN

Anagrams

Korean

Hanja in this term
外人

Noun

外人 • (oein) (hangeul 외인)

  1. hanja form? of 외인 (“foreigner, alien”)
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