建

建	U+5EFA, 建 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5EFA

← 廹
[U+5EF9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

廻 →
[U+5EFB]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

建 (Kangxi radical 54, 廴+6, 8 (Mainland), 9 (Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan) strokes, cangjie input 弓大中手 (NKLQ), four-corner 1540₀, composition ⿺廴聿)

Derived characters

健, 徤, 揵, 湕, 旔, 楗, 毽, 煡, 犍, 腱, 睷, 䊕, 踺, 鍵(键), 鞬, 䭈(𱄃), 騝(𩨃), 鰎, 㯬

Additional Derived Characters

𠸻, 𫮑, 𡞹, 𱞻, 𭸠, 𨺩, 𰔑, 𪰷, 𤧣, 𥍹, 𮀴, 𰨍, 𫁀, 𦂩, 𦞘, 𲄨, 𲊤, 𰯻, 𫘳, 𩱃, 𰣜, 𪑼
𫸕, 𡩌, 𡺅, 𥯦, 𢉆, 𨵭, 𥴤, 𩱤, 𦡐

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 353, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9574
Dae Jaweon: page 667, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 404, character 10
Unihan data for U+5EFA

Chinese

simp. and trad.		建
2nd round simp.		迠
alternative forms		䢖㨴

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 建
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
犍	ɡran, kan
騝	ɡran, kan
鍵	ɡran, ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ
揵	ɡran, kanʔ
鞬	*kan
腱	kan, ɡans
湕	*kanʔ
建	*kans
旔	*kans
楗	*ɡanʔ
健	*ɡans

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 廴 + 聿. Originally, a pictogram (象形) — a hand (又) planting a pole (𰀁) into a base (Ji Xusheng, 2004). The left component was originally written as ∟. The right component is stylized as 聿; while the hand is still recognizable, the bottom part is unrelated to a writing brush.

The whole character is mostly similar to 叔.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gen⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kien / kian

(Meixian, Guangdong): gian⁴
Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̿ing
Eastern Min (BUC): gióng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goeng⁴ / gyoeng⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiàn

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêng⁶ / giang⁶ / giêng³ / giang³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ci

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
  - Wade–Giles: chien⁴
  - Yale: jyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gin³
  - Yale: gin
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gen⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kian
  - Hakka Romanization System: gian
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯an⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kian⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̿ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyiŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gióng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyɔŋ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: goeng⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ge̤̍ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœŋ⁴²/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gyoeng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyøŋ⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiàn
  - Tâi-lô: kiàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiexn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kiɛn²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kiɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn¹¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêng⁶ / giang⁶ / giêng³ / giang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiĕng / kiăng / kièng / kiàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³⁵/, /kiaŋ³⁵/, /kieŋ²¹³/, /kiaŋ²¹³/

Note:

giêng3 - Chaozhou, used in 福建;
giang3 - Shantou, used in 福建;
giêng6 - Chaozhou;
giang6 - Shantou.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ci
  - MiniDict: ci^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ji
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi³⁴/

Middle Chinese: kjonH

Rime
Character	建
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	元 (65)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居万切
Baxter	kjonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨan^H/
Li Rong	/kiɐn^H/
Wang Li	/kĭɐn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɨ̯ɐn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]a[n]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	建
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kjon^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]a[n]-s/
English	set up, establish
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	建
Reading #	1/1
No.	6220
Phonetic component
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kans/

Definitions

建

to build; to construct; to erect
to establish; to found
to propose; to suggest

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 蓋 (“to build; to construct (a building)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		蓋, 建, 建造, 建築, 興建, 修建
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	蓋
	Taiwan	蓋
	Harbin	蓋
	Singapore	建
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	蓋
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	蓋
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	蓋
	Xi'an	蓋
	Xining	蓋
	Xuzhou	起
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	蓋
	Lanzhou	蓋
	Ürümqi	蓋, 起
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	修, 起
	Guiyang	起, 修
	Liuzhou	起
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	蓋, 造
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	蓋
Cantonese	Guangzhou	起
	Hong Kong	起
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	起
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	起
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	起
	Taishan	起
	Dongguan	起
	Rongxian	起
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	起
	Hepu (Shatian)	做
	Guiping	起
	Guiping (Mule)	起, 整
	Pingnan	起
	Guigang (Gangcheng)	起
	Guigang (Pingdong)	起
	Beihai	起
	Beihai (Nankang)	起
	Beihai (Yingpan)	起
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	起, 做
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	起
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	做
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	起, 搭
	Singapore (Guangfu)	起
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	起
	Móng Cái	起
	Bangkok (Guangfu)	起
	Betong (Rongxian)	起
Gan	Nanchang	起
	Lichuan	做
	Pingxiang	起
Hakka	Meixian	起, 做
	Yudu	做
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	起
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	起
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	起
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	起
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	起
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	起
	Hong Kong	起
	Senai (Huiyang)	起
Huizhou	Jixi	起
Jin	Taiyuan	蓋
Jin	Xinzhou	蓋
Northern Min	Jian'ou	開
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	起
Eastern Min	Matsu	起
Southern Min	Xiamen	起
	Quanzhou	起
	Zhangzhou	起
	Tainan	起
	Singapore (Hokkien)	起
	Manila (Hokkien)	起
	Chaozhou	起
	Shantou	起
	Jieyang	起
	Bangkok (Teochew)	起
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	起
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	起
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	起
	Singapore (Teochew)	起
	Leizhou	作
	Haikou	作
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	起
Wu	Shanghai	造
	Shanghai (Chongming)	造, 起
	Suzhou	造
	Danyang	砌
	Hangzhou	造
	Ningbo	起
	Jinhua	起
Xiang	Changsha	起
Xiang	Loudi	起