愐

愐	U+6110, 愐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6110

← 意
[U+610F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

愑 →
[U+6111]

Translingual

Han character

愐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 心一田中 (PMWL), four-corner 9106₀, composition ⿰忄面)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 394, character 26
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10925
Dae Jaweon: page 731, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2327, character 3
Unihan data for U+6110

Chinese

simp. and trad.		愐

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (面) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蝒	*men
緬	*menʔ
湎	*menʔ
愐	*menʔ
偭	menʔ, mens
勔	*menʔ
面	*mens
麵	*meːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *menʔ): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 面 (OC *mens).

Etymology

“diligent; hardworking”: Cognate with 勉 (OC *mronʔ) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): miǎn (mian³)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): min⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): mén

(Meixian, Guangdong): mên³
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): meng⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bián

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
  - Wade–Giles: mien³
  - Yale: myǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
  - Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: min⁵
  - Yale: míhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: min⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: min⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miːn¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
  - Hakka Romanization System: men^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: men³
  - Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: mên³
  - Sinological IPA: /mɛn³¹/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: meng⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: mēng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɛŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: meng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɛŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
  - Tâi-lô: bián
  - Phofsit Daibuun: biern
  - IPA (Xiamen): /biɛn⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: mjienX

Rime
Character	愐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	彌兖切
Baxter	mjienX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/miᴇn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/miɛn^X/
Shao Rongfen	/mjæn^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mian^X/
Li Rong	/miɛn^X/
Wang Li	/mĭɛn^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯ɛn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	miǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	min⁵

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*menʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愐
Reading #	1/1
No.	9095
Phonetic component	面
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	緬
Old Chinese	/*menʔ/

Definitions

愐

(literary) diligent; hardworking
(literary or Hakka) to think; to consider

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 想 (“to think”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		想
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	想
	Taiwan	想
	Malaysia	想
	Singapore	想
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	想
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	想
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	想
	Wuhan	想
	Guilin	想
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	想
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	想
Cantonese	Guangzhou	諗
	Hong Kong	諗
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	諗
	Taishan	諗
	Kaiping (Chikan)	諗
	Dongguan	諗
	Yangjiang	諗
	Nanning	諗
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	諗
	Penang (Guangfu)	諗
	Singapore (Guangfu)	諗
Gan	Nanchang	想
Hakka	Meixian	想, 愐
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	想
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	想, 愐
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	想, 愐
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	想, 愐
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	想, 愐
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	想, 愐
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	想
	Singapore (Meixian)	愐
	Singapore (Dabu)	愐
Jin	Taiyuan	想
Northern Min	Jian'ou	想
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	想
Southern Min	Xiamen	想
	Quanzhou	想
	Jinjiang	想
	Zhangzhou	想
	Taipei	想
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	想
	Kaohsiung	想
	Yilan	想
	Changhua (Lukang)	想
	Taichung	想
	Tainan	想
	Hsinchu	想
	Kinmen	想
	Penghu (Magong)	想
	Penang (Hokkien)	想
	Singapore (Hokkien)	想
	Manila (Hokkien)	想
	Chaozhou	想
	Shantou	想
	Singapore (Teochew)	想
	Wenchang	想
Puxian Min	Putian	算
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	算
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	算
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	算
	Xianyou	算
	Xianyou (Fengting)	算
	Xianyou (Youyang)	算
Wu	Shanghai	想
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	想
	Suzhou	想
	Wuxi	想
	Hangzhou	想
	Shaoxing	惀
	Ningbo	忖, 惀
	Zhoushan	忖
	Wenzhou	想
	Jinhua	想, 忖
Xiang	Changsha	想
Xiang	Shuangfeng	想

Compounds

愐心事

Descendants

→ Bai: *mi² (“to think”)
- Central Bai: mix

References

莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “愐”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 157.

Japanese

Kanji

愐

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: めん (men)
Kan-on: べん (ben)
Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 愐める)