菁華

See also: 精华

Chinese

		flower of leek	flowery; flourishing; magnificent flowery; flourishing; magnificent; your; grey; corona; time; essence; China; Chinese; name of a mountain
trad. (菁華/精華)		菁/精	華
simp. (精华)		精	华

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīnghuá

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zing¹ waa⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chîn-fà
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): cheng-hôa / cheng-hoa

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīnghuá
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jinghuá
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹-hua²
  - Yale: jīng-hwá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinghwa
  - Palladius: цзинхуа (czinxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    京華 / 京华
    精華 / 精华
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zing¹ waa⁴
  - Yale: jīng wàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzing¹ waa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: jing¹ wa⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chîn-fà
  - Hakka Romanization System: jin^ˊ fa^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: jin¹ fa²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sin²⁴ fa¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-hôa
  - Tâi-lô: tsing-huâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zenghoaa
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³ hua²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-hoa
  - Tâi-lô: tsing-hua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zenghoaf
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: tsjeng hwae

Rime
Character	菁	華
Reading #	1/1	1/3
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	清 (121)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	子盈切	戸花切
Baxter	tsjeng	hwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siᴇŋ/	/ɦˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɛŋ/	/ɦʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siæŋ/	/ɣua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡siajŋ/	/ɦwaɨ/
Li Rong	/t͡siɛŋ/	/ɣua/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭɛŋ/	/ɣwa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ɛŋ/	/ɣwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	huá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zing¹	waa⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsleŋ ɡʷraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華
Reading #	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huá
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæ ›
Old Chinese	/*N-qʷʰˁra/
English	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	菁	華
Reading #	1/1	2/3
No.	11328	5312
Phonetic component	生	華
Rime group	耕	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	精	華
Old Chinese	/*ʔsleŋ/	/*ɡʷraː/
Notes		說文於聲

Noun

菁華

essence; quintessence; marrow; pith; essential parts
剔除糟粕，吸取精華。 [MSC, trad.]
剔除糟粕，吸取精华。 [MSC, simp.]
Tīchú zāopò, xīqǔ jīnghuá. [Pinyin]
Remove the dregs and extract the essence.

請您將研究成果的精華與大家分享。 [MSC, trad.]
请您将研究成果的精华与大家分享。 [MSC, simp.]
Qǐng nín jiāng yánjiū chéngguǒ de jīnghuá yǔ dàjiā fēnxiǎng. [Pinyin]
Please share with everyone the essential parts of your research findings.
(literary) brilliance; splendor; radiance; glory

Synonyms

(essence):

精粹 (jīngcuì)
精髓 (jīngsuǐ)
菁英 (jīngyīng)

(brilliance):

光耀 (guāngyào)
光華 / 光华 (guānghuá)
光輝 / 光辉 (guānghuī)

Derived terms

天地菁華 / 天地菁华

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (菁華):

→ Japanese: 精(せい)華(か) (seika)
→ Korean: 정화(菁華) (jeonghwa)
→ Vietnamese: tinh hoa (菁華)